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Educators and policy observers are keeping a close eye on two controversial experiments in private management of public schools now unfolding in this western Michigan city and in the Detroit-area community of Highland Park.

Citing chronic budget woes in the communities鈥� low-performing school districts, Gov. Rick Snyder of Michigan last year declared a state of financial emergency and appointed an emergency manager for each district. The managers, in turn, hired two separate companies鈥擬osaica 91制片厂视频 and the Leona Group鈥攖o run the schools.

Gov. Snyder, a Republican, has also appointed emergency managers for one other district, the Detroit public school system, and six Michigan city governments鈥攁lmost all of which represent primarily black communities. The moves have caused pushback from civil rights groups and aggravated racial tensions in the state.

For educators and K-12 analysts, meanwhile, the Muskegon Heights and Highland Park ventures have implications for evaluating what happens when for-profit companies manage public schools on a systemwide basis.

The districts ended the 2011-12 school year with hefty accumulated budget deficits attributed to years of declining enrollments, dwindling economic bases, and financial mismanagement.

Against that backdrop, the governor appointed Donald Weatherspoon to be the emergency manager for the 1,400-student Muskegon Heights district, which had amassed a $16 million deficit, and Joyce Parker to head the 1,000-student Highland Park district, which had accumulated an $11.3 million deficit.

African-Americans make up 88 percent of the students in the Muskegon Heights system, and 98 percent of the Highland Park system鈥檚 enrollment.

After his appointment in Muskegon Heights, says Mr. Weatherspoon, he knew he had to act quickly if the schools were to open again in the fall. So, in an unprecedented move, he decided to lay off the entire staff of the Muskegon Heights school district and create in its place a new charter district, called the Muskegon Heights Public School Academy, to be run by a private education management company.

Last June, Mr. Weatherspoon signed a five-year contract with New York City-based Mosaica 91制片厂视频, which operates more than 75 charter schools in 13 states and the District of Columbia. The company had three months to hire and train staff members, including those rehired from the old district, bring neglected facilities up to code, and persuade parents to keep their children enrolled.

Ms. Parker followed suit in Highland Park. In July 2012, she signed a five-year contract with the Phoenix-based Leona Group, which operates 68 schools in five states, to run the district鈥檚 high school and two pre-K-8 schools in the newly formed Highland Park Public School Academy.

Mr. Weatherspoon, who took over as the emergency manager for Highland Park in late October and now oversees both districts, says it was a unique convergence of circumstances that led to the formation of the charter districts, and he does not necessarily see it as a model for other cash-strapped districts in the state. (Currently, 49 Michigan districts are running budget deficits.)

And critics of the strategy say that neither Mosaica 91制片厂视频 nor the Leona Group has an impressive record of turning around low-performing schools.

鈥淲e think that there鈥檚 a huge opportunity closed when the state steps in and decides to intervene in a place like Highland Park and Muskegon Heights,鈥� said Amber Arellano, the executive director of the 91制片厂视频 Trust-Midwest, an education policy and advocacy group in Royal Oak, Mich.

鈥淥ur concern is that, based on what we know about those operators,鈥� she continued, 鈥渋t would appear as if [this] opportunity may be wasted ... because those are two of the lowest-performing charter operators in Michigan.鈥�

鈥楧on鈥檛 Give Up on Us鈥�

Cold and gray weather has hung on tight to Michigan this spring, and occasional snow flurries dot the sky one day in March when Alena E. Zachery-Ross, the regional vice president of Mosaica 91制片厂视频, took the stage here at a community meeting held in the Muskegon Heights High School auditorium.

Addressing a sparse crowd of roughly 30 people, Ms. Zachery-Ross, who describes herself as essentially the 1,190-student Muskegon Heights Public School Academy鈥檚 superintendent, presented the district鈥檚 midyear report card.

Reading and math scores were up since the fall for 2nd to 7th graders, although many students continued to lag behind where they should be, she said, and many 8th to 12th graders remained far behind where they should be to graduate on time.

But on the positive side, attendance was up and the number of fights at all schools had gone down, Ms. Zachery-Ross said.

鈥淒on鈥檛 give up on us,鈥� she implored the audience.

Some experts point out that Mosaica students nationally do not show as much academic growth as students from similar socioeconomic backgrounds in regular public schools.

Company officials counter that progress in situations like that in Muskegon Heights should be based not just on test scores, but also on improvements in the overall climate of a school.

鈥淲e鈥檙e not going to have it all figured out this year,鈥� Ms. Zachery-Ross said in an interview before the public meeting. 鈥淲e鈥檙e not pretending that we have it all together. It鈥檚 a continuous process.鈥�

The first few months of the school year were chaotic. A quarter of the teaching staff hired by Mosaica in the summer left the district. Teachers and administrators struggled to gain control over student behavior. The high school is now on its third principal since August.

鈥淚t鈥檚 been everything all at once,鈥� Ms. Zachery-Ross said.

But, she insists, things are improving. Mosaica installed security cameras in all the classrooms at the high school and recently hired more security guards for the middle and high schools. High school staff members say behavior problems are on the decline.

But the new district faces an uphill battle in closing achievement gaps. According to tests administered at the beginning of the school year, 92 percent of 9th graders scored at least three grade levels below where they should have been in reading, and 82 percent were at least three grade levels below in math.

Despite the poor scores, teachers say Muskegon Heights students are showing academic progress.

鈥淕rades were drastically improved once [the students] realized we weren鈥檛 going anywhere,鈥� said Matt Tevlin, a first-year teacher who started at the high school in August.

Mosaica 91制片厂视频 provides a structured curriculum: its own Paragon program, a multicultural and interdisciplinary social studies curriculum; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt鈥檚 Saxon Math; and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt鈥檚 Journeys Common Core for reading.

Under the Mosaica model, teachers are required to spend a prescribed amount of time on each subject area, said Sonya Hernandez, the head of school, or principal, for Muskegon Heights鈥� 329-student Edgewood Elementary School. 鈥淲e鈥檙e emphasizing bell-to-bell instruction,鈥� she said.

Teachers are also required to have a data wall showing students鈥� growth on Scantron tests, which are given three times a year.

Norm Kittleson, who was a special education teacher at Edgewood Elementary, said the prescriptive curriculum was part of the reason he quit this spring.

鈥淐ertain things were supposed to be done at certain times of the day,鈥� he said. 鈥淭here鈥檚 not a lot of autonomy for the teachers in terms of adjusting the instruction or deviating from the plan.鈥�

Mr. Kittleson also said he did not receive adequate support from the administration or Mosaica. Because he was hired midyear, he did not go through the three weeks of preservice training other teachers received before the school year started, he said.

Tackling Teacher Turnover

Among the teachers who have left the new Muskegon Heights system so far, the largest single proportion鈥�28 percent鈥攃ited the charter district鈥檚 lack of participation in Michigan鈥檚 public-school-employee retirement plan as the reason, according to exit interviews collected by the district. Twenty-five percent cited student discipline.

Ms. Zachery-Ross said she recognizes that Mosaica鈥檚 salaries and benefits are not as competitive as the neighboring districts鈥�. Teachers who worked in the former Muskegon Heights school system who reapplied to work in the charter district took a pay cut to do so. (Mosaica鈥檚 base teacher salary in Muskegon Heights is $35,000, compared with the former district鈥檚 $49,132. Teachers in the new district do not participate in a teachers鈥� union.)

Mosaica has also cut the number of administrators. The finance and human resources departments are run from the company鈥檚 corporate offices in Atlanta.

Having a national network from which to draw teachers was helpful in finding and recruiting teachers on a short timetable, said Sue McCarty, the compliance officer for the charter district.

But a national pool can also create its own set of challenges. For instance, the district found itself in hot water in February when uncovered five uncertified teachers in the district. All five teachers have since received their Michigan state certifications.

Because Mr. Weatherspoon, the emergency manager, rendered the Muskegon Heights school system defunct by reducing its staff to zero and created a new district for Mosaica to operate, the newly formed district has not taken on the $16 million debt.

The deficit will be paid down through a millage tax, renewed by voters in November, although it is unclear how long that may take. Estimates range from nine to 27 years, said Mr. Weatherspoon, who oversees the district along with a three-member board he appointed.

The now defunct school district operated under a $20 million budget in 2011-12. The new charter district is currently operating with a $14.6 million budget.

In the , the company will receive a minimum of $1.45 million for services for the 2012-13 school year as well as $200,000 for the Paragon curriculum license. (The company could earn more if enrollment increases.)

鈥楩eeling That I鈥檓 Safe鈥�

Meanwhile, Highland Park鈥檚 new district is facing similar challenges.

Its high school, Highland Park Renaissance Academy, is located next to the Highland Park Ford plant. Opened in 1910 as a production facility for the Model T, the plant is where Henry Ford鈥檚 first assembly line was used.

The 40,000-square-foot factory now has boarded-up and broken windows, even as a sign outside commemorates it as a National Historic Landmark鈥攁 testament to the automotive industry that once sustained the community.

Like Muskegon Heights, Highland Park is a city where poverty is the norm, and the schools are some of the lowest-performing in the state. Security is a high priority for all the district鈥檚 schools, especially the high school, where guards pat down students as they enter the windowless building.

But students say the Leona Group鈥檚 new teachers and administrators have made a big difference in the climate of the school.

鈥淚t鈥檚 not violent [here] anymore. There hasn鈥檛 been a real fight all year,鈥� said Justin Bailey, an 18-year-old senior who has been attending school in Highland Park since his sophomore year.

Dia鈥檍uania Grimes, an 18-year-old senior who has been enrolled in Highland Park since 9th grade, said classes were repeatedly interrupted last school year because of bomb threats and trash-can fires students set in the restrooms.

鈥淚 didn鈥檛 learn nothing my first two years,鈥� she said. 鈥淭his year, I have that feeling that I鈥檓 safe.鈥�

As in Muskegon Heights, the teachers and staff of the regular Highland Park school district were laid off at the end of 2011-12. The Leona Group then hired the staff and teachers to open the new charter district in the summer, rehiring a small portion of the staff from the previous district who applied.

The new charter district, Highland Park Renaissance Academy, is not unionized.

The company also invested significant amounts of money in cleaning up the school facilities before students arrived in September, which Ms. Grimes said helped restore students鈥� pride in their school.

But Leona students nationally, according to one study, do not show as much academic growth as students from similar socioeconomic backgrounds in regular public schools.

鈥楢 Laser-Beam Focus鈥�

Pamela Williams, who was born in Highland Park, is the superintendent of the new charter district. Ms. Williams previously served as the principal of a Leona Group-run school, Saginaw Preparatory Academy, in another Michigan community.

She described her main priority as 鈥渁 laser-beam focus on teaching and learning.鈥� And that means not being afraid to fire teachers who aren鈥檛 showing significant academic growth with their students, she said.

Because Highland Park Renaissance Academy is technically its own new district, like the new Muskegon Heights system, it does not carry the debt accrued by the regular Highland Park system.

And, as in Muskegon Heights, Mr. Weatherspoon, the emergency manager, plans to pay down the debt owed by the defunct district through a millage tax.

But to keep Highland Park鈥檚 charter district financially viable, the Leona Group focuses on doing more with less, said Anthony Hubbard, the regional vice president for the company.

Charter schools in Michigan receive $7,110 in per-pupil funding, compared with $8,195 in per-pupil state aid that Highland Park received last year.

Teachers in the new Highland Park system are paid less鈥攁n average of about $39,400, compared with the $54,700 average teacher salary for the regular district. In fact, the total amount spent on staff salaries and benefits is about a third of what the regular district spent last year鈥�$4.5 million, compared with $13.8 million.

While lower salaries account for some of the difference, the charter district has also cut back on the amount of administrators the district employs.

And overall, the charter district is operating on a budget of $8.9 million compared with the previous year, when the budget totaled $15.9 million, which does not include debt service.

The Leona Group receives a $780,000 annual fee for running the schools in Highland Park.

ACLU Lawsuit

On another front, the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan against the state of Michigan, the state agencies that oversee education, and the Highland Park system shortly after the Leona Group signed the contract to run the schools.

The suit is that requires the state to provide extra resources and assistance to bring students reading below grade level up to proficiency within a year in order for a school district to ensure that its individual schools remain accredited.

The ACLU has asked for an immediate remedy of the problem by the state through research-based instructional methods, highly-trained teachers and administrators, new educational materials and textbooks, a clean and safe learning environment, and a process for monitoring the schools鈥� progress.

So far, the state court in the case has ordered a panel of experts to observe the schools and craft a plan to address the challenges outlined in the lawsuit, said Mr. Weatherspoon. One result is a high level of scrutiny of the Highland Park Renaissance Academy.

鈥淟eona鈥檚 been forced to get ahead of the curve,鈥� Mr. Weatherspoon said.

While Mosaica 91制片厂视频 and the Leona Group have managed to remain financially viable鈥攕omething the districts they are now occupying were unable to do for many years鈥攚hether or not they will be able to raise academic achievement remains to be seen.

Teachers, administrators, and students in the new school systems say progress has occurred in the months the charter districts began operating, but they know the schools are still far from their goal of college and career readiness for all students.

Seventeen-year-old senior Trevon Kitchen, who attends the high school in Muskegon Heights and will be the latest of several generations of his family to graduate from the local schools, said he has high hopes for Mosaica鈥檚 ability to improve the district.

鈥淭hey came into this not knowing what to expect,鈥� he said. 鈥淕ive it time, and don鈥檛 judge so quickly. Hopefully, given time, it will be better.鈥�