Schools may be critiqued as 鈥渇actories,鈥� but robots aren鈥檛 going to replace human teachers any time soon. Still, that doesn鈥檛 mean that artificially intelligent systems won鈥檛 transform education just as they are changing a variety of fields and practices, from the way oncologists diagnose cancer to how lawyers analyze cases.
Intelligent-tutoring systems like ALEKS (for Assessment and LEarning in Knowledge Spaces), Cognitive Tutor, and a new program in development by IBM鈥檚 Watson initiative are starting to expand in K-12 education, and experts argue that teachers need new training not only to use intelligent systems in the classroom but also to prepare students for careers in increasingly technology-integrated fields.
鈥淎ny skill that a computer can teach is going to be done by a computer in the workplace, and that鈥檚 something people don鈥檛 think about enough,鈥� said Christopher Dede, an education and technology professor at the Harvard Graduate School of 91制片厂视频. For that reason, he said, teachers can use computer programs not simply to replace pieces of their instruction, but to model for students how to work with technology professionally. 鈥淚t changes the skills people need to be employed. AI changes teaching, yes, but more important than that, AI changes the goals and purposes of teaching,鈥� Dede said.
Artificially intelligent tutoring systems, or ITS, are computer programs that model students鈥� psychological states as well as their prior knowledge to personalize instruction for them. As students interact with them, the programs collect data about how the students approach each problem, when they are likely to get frustrated, and so on. The system evolves in response to the people who use it, to improve the lessons and assessments it presents.
鈥淚n the tutorial, you have a conversation, and the tutor-machine knows an awful lot about your background in the course and can build on that in a way you can鈥檛 in a regular classroom,鈥� said J.D. Fletcher, a researcher with the Institute of Defense Analyses and a primary developer of the U.S. Navy鈥檚 Digital Tutor ITS, which is used to train Navy staff for technical jobs in the force, such as troubleshooting systems on a ship. 鈥淪ome of your kids will take one day what it takes others four days to learn. In a traditional classroom, the fast students are left twiddling their thumbs. ... If you have [an ITS] engaging in a conversation with you, the tutor can just keep piling on the questions to you that are progressively more difficult.鈥�
Such tutoring systems have had mixed effectiveness over the years, but more recent programs have shown significant promise. A 2014 meta-analysis of several different ITS found they were as effective in helping students learn as a person leading one-on-one or small-group instruction and more effective than full-sized teacher-led classes, workbooks or textbooks, or traditional computer-based instruction.
A separate evaluation of the Navy鈥檚 intelligent- tutoring system found those who used it outperformed those using standard technical training鈥攏ot just on other tests, but also on practical troubleshooting exercises. Navy staff who had been trained using the tutoring program also attempted more challenging problems and tasks than students who had been trained in other ways.
鈥淲hether the [ITS] is like a human or not doesn鈥檛 matter if it works better in some ways,鈥� said Kenneth Koedinger, a professor of human-computer interaction and psychology at Carnegie Mellon University, who helped develop another artificial-intelligence teaching program, Cognitive Tutor. 鈥淚n a system that big, you can replicate a strategy in a reliable way and try it against a separate strategy and see what works better, very quickly. You can鈥檛 do that with a classroom teacher.鈥�
Yet across the board, researchers developing the programs argue that teachers are critical to making the systems work effectively. 鈥淭hese intelligent-tutoring systems, people always worry they are going to replace teachers,鈥� said Art Graesser of the University of Memphis, who developed the AutoTutor and ALEKS systems. 鈥淚 would argue they don鈥檛, but they take over a lot of tasks teachers don鈥檛 like to do: to grade papers, to cover the same skills over and over. ... In ideal systems, teachers will be creating the material, working with students on broader life goals.鈥�
Yet Graesser, Koedinger, and others all agree that teachers need more specific professional development in how to integrate intelligent systems into their classrooms.
鈥淭eachers can say, 鈥極h, the tutor teaches X, I teach Y.鈥� That does not work,鈥� Dede said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 actually a very rich kind of sharing of responsibility between the teacher and the machine. The people who build the intelligent-tutoring systems often don鈥檛 understand this very well and don鈥檛 provide support to teachers to implement them.鈥�
Chalapathy Neti, the vice president of IBM鈥檚 Watson initiative, agreed. The Watson intelligent system has already been used to help accountants at H&R Block unravel tax law and to help oncologists at the Mayo Clinic diagnose cancers, but the system is just being launched this year in higher education and preschool. Neti said the group is piloting cautiously, while keeping teachers in the development process.
鈥淭he time a doctor has with a patient is very episodic and sporadic, but a teacher is with the student every day. We need to lay a foundation for the learner,鈥� Neti said. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 think of 鈥楢I鈥� as artificial intelligence, we think of it as 鈥榓ugmented intelligence,鈥� and we are thinking of how we improve this partnership鈥� between teachers and computers.
Hazelwood East High School in St. Louis is a case in point: When it started using Graesser鈥檚 ALEKS intelligent-tutoring system, teachers were making a virtue of necessity.
A majority of the 1,300 students there are poor and black, and the school was among the lowest performing in the state in 2010. It used a federal school improvement grant to join a pilot program to use the ALEKS tutoring system for Algebra 1, a subject in which only 6.5 percent of its students were considered proficient.
The school identified incoming freshmen who had previously performed poorly in math and required them to take a double block of algebra: One 90-minute section included traditional lecturing, while the other was a 90-minute lab with ALEKS that teachers facilitated.
鈥淵ou cannot simply hand ALEKS over to your teachers and say, 鈥楬ere鈥檚 a great intervention, run with this,鈥� 鈥� said Michael Peoples, then a math instructional coach at Hazelwood. 鈥淣o. You need a very clear plan and you need to involve teachers in your plan.鈥�
It took nearly three years for teachers to really integrate the tutoring system into their instruction, Peoples said, in part because the school鈥檚 low performance came with tight scrutiny and high teacher turnover. Hazelwood provided collaboration time for teachers, as well as a series of training sessions鈥攆irst on just the technical aspects of how to use the system and later on how to monitor students鈥� progression and use the results to plan instruction.
As the teachers adjusted to the new system, the school鈥檚 algebra-proficiency rate climbed steadily, from 6.5 percent in 2010 to 44.8 percent scoring at 鈥減roficient鈥� or 鈥渁dvanced鈥� by 2015鈥攅ven as the statewide algebra-proficiency rate dipped slightly. Last year, the district launched a 1-to-1 tablet initiative and integrated ALEKS into all algebra classes, not just remedial ones.
鈥淥ur school at the time was under a microscope,鈥� said Peoples, who is now the school鈥檚 assistant principal, so implementing the intervention 鈥渨as not presented as an option.鈥� As teachers learned more about the system, he said, 鈥渋t has birthed a movement toward more cooperative learning. ... We began to push more for activities that required students to engage in discourse.
鈥淵ou began to hear students taking the lead more in class, presenting more, critiquing each others鈥� work and students defending their own work, and talking through their thinking more,鈥� Peoples said. 鈥淯ltimately, there was a movement from teachers as lecturers to more of facilitators.鈥�
