Two years ago, Michele Condon had completed all the coursework for a doctorate in education, but couldn鈥檛 settle on a dissertation topic. Nothing seemed important enough to the principal to spend a year or two on research and writing.
鈥淚 didn鈥檛 have time to do something that didn鈥檛 tie in to what I did every day,鈥� said Ms. Condon, the top administrator at Bernard Middle School in Mehlville, Mo., just south of St. Louis. 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 want to do something that was just an add-on to get the title.鈥�
Then came a new possibility: Rather than write a dissertation, she could work on a group project focused on a problem she encounters in her job. Last week, she passed her oral defense of the project, which involved crafting new criteria for evaluating teacher-tenure policies.
St. Louis University, where Ms. Condon earned her doctorate, is one of a growing number of higher education institutions that are retooling their Doctor of 91制片厂视频, or Ed.D., programs to concentrate more on the practical skills required of district leaders.
For too long, the thinking goes, such programs have emulated the structure of Ph.D. programs, despite the fact that they generally serve a different purpose. Typically, at schools of education that offer both degrees, the Ed.D. is for aspiring superintendents and other practitioners, while the Doctor of Philosophy program is for budding academics.
In a widely read report issued this past March, Arthur E. Levine, the president of Teachers College, Columbia University, suggested eliminating the Ed.D. degree, which he said often amounts to a watered-down Ph.D. that does little to prepare people for the contemporary demands of educational administration. (鈥淪tudy Blasts 91制片厂视频 Preparation,鈥� March 16, 2005.)
Instead, some universities have sought to differentiate their Ed.D. programs more clearly from their Ph.D. programs. Along with St. Louis University, they include: the University of Missouri-Columbia; the University of California, Los Angeles; the University of Southern California; and Vanderbilt University.
Common strategies involve emphasizing the application of theory to practice and forming more cohesive cohorts of candidates who go through the programs together. Some of the biggest changes are with the dissertation requirement, which some education schools are dropping in favor of team-based projects like Ms. Condon鈥檚.
Too Convenient?
The trend worries some education school leaders, however. Their concern is that market pressures are leading some universities to sacrifice rigor to create programs that are more convenient for their candidates. Group projects, some argue, don鈥檛 involve the kind of disciplined inquiry that constitutes doctoral-level work.
Others counter that it鈥檚 possible to maintain high standards while making Ed.D. programs more relevant to the work they鈥檙e preparing their students to do. In fact, proponents of distinguishing Ed.D.s from Ph.D.s at education schools say the status quo is a greater threat to quality.
鈥淚 think there are a set of legitimate questions and concerns about this that need to be on the table,鈥� said Joseph F. Murphy, a professor at Vanderbilt鈥檚 Peabody college of education. 鈥淏ut, at the end of the day, it鈥檚 very difficult for me to imagine that it could be any worse than it is now.鈥�
Although often not required, a doctorate is close to a rite of passage for aspirants to the superintendency, particularly in medium-size and large districts. About three-quarters of those leading school systems with 3,000 students or more have one, according to data from the American Association of School Administrators.
Some education schools offer just one doctoral degree. At Harvard University, the school gives only Ed.Ds; at Ohio State University, only Ph.D.s. What matters is whether an institution has different courses of study depending on the candidate鈥檚 career goals, said Lee S. Shulman, the president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, in Stanford, Calif.
In practice, he said, many education schools put all doctoral candidates through very similar programs. Whether hoping to be superintendents or scholars, they take a series of courses that culminates in a work of independent research, yielding the kind of study that could be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
鈥淲e have come to a situation where we have neither a first-rate model for the professional doctorate, which you can call the Ed.D., nor do we have a really good model for the research doctorate, because we鈥檙e basically using the same model to educate both,鈥� Mr. Shulman said.
When the department of educational leadership and higher education at St. Louis University asked itself what aspiring superintendents needed to learn, the answer wasn鈥檛 how to produce scholarly research. So the school phased out the dissertation for its Ed.D. program and replaced it with a long-term assignment in which three or four candidates work together to examine an applied problem.
Ms. Condon, the middle school principal, jumped at the chance to do such a project, which initially was offered as an option in 2003 and now is required. She and two other St. Louis-area principals looked at teacher-tenure polices because they鈥檇 seen their effects firsthand.
鈥淲e all agreed that teacher tenure wasn鈥檛 necessarily a good thing,鈥� Ms. Condon said. 鈥淚t was not motivating teachers to stay on top of their game.鈥�
Each team member took charge of one part of the project. Ms. Condon compared job-protection rules in Missouri with those in other states. Another principal surveyed the history of teacher tenure, and the third examined how institutions in various sectors assessed their policies.
Together, they honed a set of standards to determine whether tenure rules adequately balanced students鈥� interests with teachers鈥� rights.
Teams and Individuals
The result, after more than a year of weekend meetings at coffee shops or one of their schools, was a 2-inch-thick report that went through several revisions based on input from faculty advisers. Ms. Condon said the group exercise more closely mirrors the kind of work that district leaders do than would writing a dissertation.
鈥淎t least in our district, we don鈥檛 have one superintendent working in isolation,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a central-office team, and everyone comes with their area of expertise.鈥�
Architects of the program say one challenge was to come up with a format for team-based projects that still allowed for determining whether each candidate had mastered enough to earn a doctorate. Along with the combined report, each team member submits a paper analyzing the work and reflecting on his or her own contribution. In addition to a group oral defense, candidates undergo individual ones.
Susan Everson, who led the effort to redesign the Ed.D., said the educational leadership department has proof that the system works: Some teams have reached the end of the process and not all of the members have graduated.
鈥淭he students will tell you that it鈥檚 as rigorous as a dissertation,鈥� said Ms. Everson, an assistant professor. 鈥淎nd as an adviser, I would say it鈥檚 no less demanding. You have to learn some new advisory skills, so that you can assess their abilities as collaborative team members.鈥�
Not everyone thinks such changes are a good idea. Betty Malen, an education professor at the University of Maryland College Park, advocates keeping the dissertation requirement for Ed.D. candidates, as her university has done.
鈥淚 think we adopt a very narrow definition of what is relevant if we confine our programs to a one-on-one match between what we do in graduate study and what we do on the job,鈥� said Ms. Malen, noting that she spent 13 years as a school administrator. 鈥淲hat I could not do on the job is think deeply about the nature of the problems that were confronting the school.鈥�
She and some others charge that part of the motivation for differentiating Ed.D. programs from Ph.D. programs is simply to accommodate the busy lives of school administrators, many of whom begin a doctoral program but never manage to complete the dissertation.
Ms. Condon believes she would have completed a dissertation were that still the requirement. She has her own reasons: Her father, a St. Louis police officer killed in the line of duty when she was 5, had stressed that he wanted his children to succeed academically.
But the option of doing a project with colleagues who shared similar concerns about their work made it easier to invest the time to do it well. 鈥淚 think a dissertation can be very interesting,鈥� she said. But, she added, 鈥淚 think we got something useful out of this.鈥�
