The leaders who steer federal decisions about technology in America鈥檚 schools are facing a fork in the road, and the real possibility exists that the federal government may leave the route it has followed for more than a decade.
And educators who believe digital technologies should play a pervasive and broad role in schools are worried.
Technology Counts 2005
Electronic Transfer
NCLB Focuses on Data Tools
State Support Varies Widely
Federal Role Seen Shifting
鈥� E-Rate: The Road Ahead
Schools Eye Future Costs
State Data
State Snapshots
Table of Contents
In February 2005, the Bush administration asked Congress to wipe out all the money for the major federal grant program that, in several versions over the past decade, has provided nearly a half-billion dollars annually in support of technology in schools. Today, these Title II, Part D grants, which are part of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, pay for myriad programs in all the states. In fact, the proposed zeroing-out of the $496 million technology grant fund represents the lion鈥檚 share in President Bush鈥檚 suggested fiscal 2006 cuts to education, which could be docked by more than $530 million.
Even if Congress refuses to eliminate the grants, the proposal makes clear the administration鈥檚 view that most targeted federal spending on most forms of technology used in schools has run its course.
鈥淲e believe the purpose of this federal program has reached its end,鈥� C. Todd Jones, the associate deputy secretary for the budget in the U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频, says of the grants.
Title II, Part D, called the Enhancing 91制片厂视频 Through Technology Act, authorizes grants to school districts for a wide range of purposes, including programs that teach children 鈥�21st-century literacies鈥� and that help teachers learn to integrate technology into class activities. States may use 5 percent of the grants for administrative costs. Half of the remaining funding is awarded to districts on a competitive basis; the rest is distributed from the states to districts under a per-pupil formula.
Jones points to changes in the educational landscape for why the president has proposed cutting the so-called 鈥淓2T2鈥� grant program.
See the accompanying item,
鈥淭he world has changed in the past two years,鈥� he says, noting that, according to an annual federal survey, 92 percent of schools now have Internet access in their instructional rooms鈥攚hich include classrooms, computer labs, libraries, and media centers鈥攃ompared with 77 percent in 2003. In 1994, only 3 percent of instructional rooms had Internet access.
Also, the number of computers in schools has soared over the past decade, reaching one Internet-connected computer for every 4.1 students nationwide, according to Market Data Retrieval, a research firm based in Shelton, Conn. That is the ratio recommended by the 91制片厂视频 Department.
鈥淚t鈥檚 the administration鈥檚 view that there is no longer a significant need for a state formula grant focused on, and limited to, educational technology,鈥� says Jones.
An explanation on the 91制片厂视频 Department鈥檚 Web site of why the technology grants should be cut says that Title I grants, teacher-quality state grants, or other federal funds could help districts blend technology into teaching and learning.
鈥楾he Wrong Direction鈥�
The reaction from education organizations to the proposed change in federal direction is predictably critical鈥攚ith consternation heightened by the fact that many state and local budgets are too strapped to make up for the loss.
鈥淲e were really chagrined,鈥� says Anne L. Bryant, the executive director of the Alexandria, Va.-based National School Boards Association. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a major statement and is the wrong direction.鈥�
Advocates such as Bryant point out that many computers in schools are overdue for costly upgrades or replacement and that most teachers are still uncomfortable with their skills using technology for instruction鈥攁ssertions backed by data from surveys by the federal government and MDR.
They argue that the grants serve the No Child Left Behind law鈥檚 mandates by helping schools close achievement gaps between children of different backgrounds and ensure that all teachers are highly qualified. They add that the skills students develop through the use of technology will be vital to their success in the high-tech job market.
Bryant says President Bush鈥檚 proposed elimination of the federal grants for educational technology would be felt most keenly in school systems serving poor children, which federal technology funding tends to favor.
鈥淭he federal role has always been about assisting poorer systems, schools, and programs; in terms of education technology, that certainly was its bias鈥攖o assist those who were needy,鈥� Bryant says.
鈥楾op Priority鈥�
鈥淭he other irony,鈥� Bryant says, 鈥渋s that after four long years, the administration came out with what we feel is a very good technology plan.鈥�
Just three weeks before the fiscal 2006 budget announcement, the National 91制片厂视频 Technology Plan鈥攖he third since 1996 and the first of the Bush administration鈥攑romised continuity in school technology policy.
The seven recommendations鈥攕trengthen leadership, use budgeting innovations, improve teacher training, support e-learning, expand broadband Internet access, use more digital content, integrate data systems鈥攈armonized with the goals of the E2T2 grants.
A compelling feature of the plan was the inclusion of snapshots from the opinions of more than 200,000 K-12 students, whose classes were surveyed online during the planning process. The students explained that cellphones, video games, digital music, and hand-held or laptop computers were as integral to their lives as bicycles and backpacks鈥攁nd, consequently, should be integrated into school programs.
Susan D. Patrick, who as the director of the office of educational technology oversaw the writing of the plan, told 91制片厂视频 Week in January 2005 that the 91制片厂视频 Department would develop 鈥渁ction steps鈥� for every recommendation. But in a March interview, Patrick did not address how the budget proposal related to the plan, saying, 鈥淚鈥檓 not going to go there.鈥�
In retrospect, some critics note signs that the national plan, which was a mandate of NCLB, may have been more rhetoric than an action plan. For example, the policy recommendations address states鈥� and localities鈥�, but not the federal government鈥檚, role in undertaking and paying for activities.
Observers also point out that the technology plan was unveiled by outgoing Secretary of 91制片厂视频 Rod Paige, rather than incoming Secretary Margaret Spellings, who has not commented publicly on the plan and was not available for an interview for this story.
But Patrick says Spellings has declared that 鈥渢he top priority in technology is integrated, interoperable data systems that allow those analytical trends to be run.鈥� (鈥淣CLB Focuses on Data Tools,鈥� May 5, 2005.)
Another reason the technology grants may be on the chopping block is that they do not conform to the administration鈥檚 recalibration of the education system toward outcomes rather than inputs. The No Child Left Behind law is outcomes-driven, with schools being judged by their students鈥� performance on state tests. In the past, federal government support for technology has primarily focused on 鈥渋nputs,鈥� looking at ratios of computers per student and Internet connections in classrooms and percentages of teachers who have received professional development, even though most grants have required recipients to assess and report on the effect of technology on student learning.
Unbiased Spending Critiques Needed
Some observers, even in the educational technology industry, have praised the proposed cuts to the E2T2 grants.
Jon Bower, the president and chief executive officer of Lexia Learning Inc., says the grants create a funding 鈥渟tovepipe鈥� for technology that distorts decisionmaking in schools.
Bower, whose Lincoln, Mass.-based company publishes software for reading development and assessment, says: 鈥淲hen I go into a district, I find myself competing against technology for administration. We would compete more successfully if we went head-to-head with reading products.鈥�
One result of the federal program, he suggests, is that too much technology money is spent on hardware and infrastructure, and not enough on the software that actually meets children鈥檚 educational needs. That鈥檚 why he agrees with the Bush administration that times have changed.
鈥淚 agree that ten years ago, it was very important to fund technology; it was unknown鈥攗nless you allocated money to it, no one would pay attention to it,鈥� he says. 鈥淸But] we are now at the point where technology needs to become invisible.鈥�
Others suggest that the organizations rushing to defend the federal technology grants鈥攁nd that in March were mounting a campaign to flood members of Congress with e-mails鈥� reflect the predictable biases of grant recipients.
The education historian Diane Ravitch, for one, cautions that 鈥渢he people who are the recipients of the funds are not necessarily the best, most objective source for determining whether the federal funds are in fact needed. That鈥檚 true in every federal program鈥攖he people who get the money like to continue getting the money, and the need is somehow never, ever met.鈥�
Ravitch, who was an assistant education secretary under former President George H. W. Bush, calls for 鈥渙bjective analysis not conducted by the people who are recipients as to whether there鈥檚 a continuing need, and what that need is.鈥�
Over the past several years, the Department of 91制片厂视频 has reined in the scope and level of its research on educational technology.
The Institute of 91制片厂视频 Sciences, the department鈥檚 research arm, is focusing most of its efforts in this area on validating the effectiveness of existing education software products. Again, the goal is to help school districts and states meet the accountability standards of the No Child Left Behind Act.
One of the two institute-directed research projects in educational technology is a $10 million, three-year national study on software for reading and math instruction, being conducted by Mathematica Policy Research Inc., an independent research organization in Princeton, N.J., and the Menlo Park, Calif.-based SRI International Inc.
But the study examines only commercial products that are on the market and that have been studied previously鈥攁 study design that some observers say is backward-looking.
鈥淭he candidates for that study represent good thinking in educational technology as of about a decade ago鈥攁s a result, it鈥檚 not going to be a fair assessment of the potential of education technology,鈥� says Christopher J. Dede, a Harvard University education professor who researches multi-user educational environments and the role of technology in teaching and teacher education. 鈥淚t鈥檚 like conducting a study of antibiotics that doesn鈥檛 include any new developments in the last 15 years.鈥�
