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When it comes to reshaping the American high school, few names, if any, come to mind more immediately these days than that of Bill Gates.

The philanthropy that the Microsoft Corp. software magnate co-chairs with his wife, Melinda, has put the issue on the national agenda like never before, with a commitment of more than $1.3 billion this decade toward the foundation鈥檚 agenda for improving high schools. Mr. Gates bluntly declared the American high school 鈥渙bsolete鈥� in a high-profile speech to the nation鈥檚 governors last year, and took that message to a nationwide television audience last spring on 鈥淭he Oprah Winfrey Show.鈥�

But it鈥檚 not simply a matter of money and fame. Increasingly, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has become strategic about expanding its reach. It now touches on virtually all the key levers in K-12 education, from schools and districts to states and even the federal government. And the foundation is underwriting research and backing groups deeply involved in policy and advocacy work.

鈥淚 think they have moved the issue 20 years in about five,鈥� said Bob Wise, the president of the Alliance for Excellent 91制片厂视频, a Washington-based group dedicated to improving high schools. Like most of those interviewed for this story, Mr. Wise, a former governor of West Virginia, presides over an organization that has received Gates money, as has 91制片厂视频, the parent organization of 91制片厂视频 Week.

鈥淭hey have been able to cover the waterfront,鈥� he said.

The Seattle-based foundation is shaking off the 鈥渟mall schools鈥� label for which it is perhaps best known. It still seeds plenty of small schools, but Gates officials are increasingly settling on a broader set of strategies with the mission of helping all students graduate from high school ready for college, work, and citizenship.

The most notable funding shift appears to be the amount dedicated to what the foundation calls advocacy work. In 2002, Gates committed about $276,000 to that category. By 2005, it had skyrocketed to nearly $57 million, about one-fourth of its giving.

Gates鈥� advocacy giving ranges from supporting the 91制片厂视频 Trust and the National Governors Association to donating to community-based groups.

Another emerging focus is supporting districtwide reform efforts at the high school level.

鈥淭he initial work was sort of very squarely focused on small schools,鈥� said Kati Haycock, the director of the 91制片厂视频 Trust, a Washington-based research and advocacy group that pushes for a strong academic education for disadvantaged students. 鈥淲hat I particularly like about the folks at Gates is they鈥檝e been brutally honest with both themselves and very public about what didn鈥檛 come out of that. 鈥� [They] clearly understood that schools exist in the context of districts, and districts in the context of states, and they had to pay more attention to that.鈥�

鈥楽ome Pretty Radical Stuff鈥�

In 2005, the Gates Foundation committed $219 million for its high school work, much of that for multiyear grants, and actually paid out $226 million. The foundation鈥檚 endowment, as of the end of August, was approximately $32 billion, making it the world鈥檚 wealthiest private foundation. Its biggest area of spending is on world health issues.

The education policy agenda the foundation is now pursuing with its grants focuses on several areas, with an emphasis on promoting state and district standards, assessments, and accountability measures. It鈥檚 especially targeting improvements that prepare poor and minority students for success in college and later life.

The foundation promotes having accurate and timely assessment data to measure progress. It says districts should have an aligned system of rigorous curriculum and instruction, and provide effective supports and interventions for struggling schools and districts. At the same time, it supports having a variety of high-quality school options, with a robust sector of largely autonomous schools such as charters.

Every student, it says, should have the option to take a college-entry or -placement test and earn college credit while still in high school.

鈥淎lthough it has some deep roots, there鈥檚 some pretty radical stuff in there,鈥� Craig D. Jerald, a Washington-based education consultant, said of the agenda. 鈥淗igh schools have been stratifying mechanisms for so long. Saying that all kids should be placed in the college-prep track represents a big change.鈥�

Foundation officials say they鈥檝e learned some important lessons from their previous work. The experience from early grantmaking in high schools has shown that starting new small schools is more promising than breaking up big schools into small units, said Tom Vander Ark, the executive director for education initiatives at the Gates Foundation. And when opening schools, he said, the key is to use a well-defined school design with close management control. (See table below: 鈥淎n Evolving Approach.鈥� )

Another lesson, the foundation has said, is that school-level change cannot be sustained without buy-in and support from districts. And then there鈥檚 the foundation鈥檚 growing recognition of the need to play a role in the policy arena.

鈥淲e鈥檙e working up the chain,鈥� Mr. Vander Ark said. 鈥淪tate and federal policy is clearly of increasing importance, and has been and will be a focus for us.鈥�

An obvious area of interest at the federal level is the No Child Left Behind Act, which has done much to drive states toward a greater focus on aligned standards, assessments, and accountability systems. But the law鈥檚 main targets are the elementary and middle grades.

An Evolving Approach

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SOURCE: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

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鈥淲e think there鈥檚 the opportunity for the federal government through the [law鈥檚] reauthorization to fully embrace the college- and work-ready agenda,鈥� Mr. Vander Ark said.

There are limits, however, to what role the foundation can play, Gates officials emphasize.

鈥淲e are prohibited as a private foundation from lobbying,鈥� said Stefanie Sanford, who oversees the foundation鈥檚 National Initiatives effort from an office just blocks from the White House. 鈥淲e can鈥檛 say, 鈥楬ere鈥檚 what ought to go in the No Child Left Behind Act,鈥� then go to the Hill and do that.鈥�

But Ms. Sanford said she does meet with lawmakers and their staffs to share lessons from the Gates work.

Gates also backs organizations that play a more direct role in research and advocacy work on public policy at the federal and state levels, such as the 91制片厂视频 Trust, whose work has been influential on Capitol Hill. In April, Gates provided the group with a $2.2 million grant for general operating support.

In another example, Gates gave a $1.4 million grant last year to help the Aspen Institute create a bipartisan commission to study the effectiveness of the No Child Left Behind law, which is due for reauthorization next year.

The philanthropy, moreover, is eyeing an ambitious new partnership with the U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频 on school data, building on the work of Schoolmatters, a public-private effort launched last year that Gates has jointly funded with the Los Angeles-based Broad Foundation. The idea, which Gates officials emphasized was still in the exploratory phase, is to design a project to make publicly available a 鈥渞epository for data鈥� that would be considered 鈥渃lean and reliable,鈥� Ms. Sanford said.

From Commitment to Policy

Two key examples of the Gates Foundation鈥檚 growing interest in state policy are its work through the NGA and Achieve Inc., a Washington-based nonprofit organization that promotes raising academic standards and student achievement.

It committed nearly $20 million last year to the governors鈥� association for grants to help states develop and implement comprehensive plans for high school redesign, and to increase rates of high school graduation and college readiness. It鈥檚 also been a major donor for the American Diploma Project, an initiative led by Achieve that now works with some 25 states to help align high school standards, assessments, graduation requirements, and data and accountability systems with the demands of college and the workplace.

Mr. Vander Ark says that as a result of those two projects, about 35 states have made a commitment to the college- and work-ready agenda.

Where the Money Goes

The Gates Foundation estimates total giving for all of its high-school-related work at more than $1.3 billion.
Below are estimates of support in certain categories since 2000.

*Click image to see full chart.

Advocacy Spending Jumps
The figures shown reflect dollars committed, as opposed to dollars paid out.

*Click image to see full chart.

SOURCE: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 91制片厂视频 Week

鈥淭he key now will be to help those states move from commitment to policy, and from policy to practice,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hat will be central to the work that we do in the next three years.鈥�

At the district level, the foundation has close relationships with several big urban school systems. Much of that work has tended to focus on the creation of small schools or the conversion of large high schools into smaller units. Now, the foundation is also starting to seed district-level changes.

鈥淏eginning in earnest in 2004, our strategy focused more attention on school districts as a unit of change,鈥� Mr. Vander Ark said.

Gates recently provided planning grants to districts in some cities, including Atlanta; Austin, Texas; Chicago; Los Angeles; New York City; and Portland, Ore., for broad-based high school improvement efforts.

In Chicago, the planning grant was followed up last spring with $21 million to help the district overhaul curriculum and instruction in high schools. The idea, Mr. Vander Ark said, is to build an aligned instructional system with a core curriculum and strong supports for secondary teachers and students. At the same time, Gates is helping to foster an 鈥渙pen sector鈥� in education, Mr. Vander Ark said, with other options for students, such as charter schools.

鈥淚 think it鈥檚 fair to say, in every city we鈥檝e worked, we work inside and outside the public school system,鈥� he said. 鈥淲e work with the school district, we work with charter operators鈥攚e even have some private schools in our portfolio.鈥�

The foundation estimates total giving for its Chicago work, for example, at $66 million.

Arne Duncan, the chief executive officer of the 426,000-student Chicago system, says the Gates assistance has been critical, both in sheer dollars and what he calls 鈥渋ntellectual capital.鈥�

鈥淚t really is a partnership,鈥� Mr. Duncan said. 鈥淭hey challenge my thinking and they push.鈥� He added, 鈥淭his is flexible money. 鈥� When you鈥檙e just trying to literally balance the budget, that doesn鈥檛 give you room to think differently, think big.鈥�

Future Plans

In the end, experts in education policy say, there are two ways of looking at the amount of Gates money. On the one hand, it鈥檚 a drop in the bucket of K-12 spending, which totaled about $536 billion at the federal, state, and local levels in 2004-05, according to the U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频. On the other, so much public money is tied up in fixed expenses, such as teacher salaries and facilities, that the private money can make a big difference.

The philanthropy鈥檚 coffers will expand considerably, thanks to the announcement this past summer by the investor Warren E. Buffett that he will give it some $30 billion of his own fortune. By 2009, that will roughly double annual Gates giving. But the influx won鈥檛 necessarily change much about education spending.

鈥淢ost of the growth in U.S. giving will come in areas that are complementary to our education work,鈥� said Mr. Vander Ark. That may include early learning, after-school programs, and housing, he said, though final decisions have not been made.

鈥淲e already account for about a quarter of K-12 philanthropy in America,鈥� he said, 鈥渁nd more than that would be quite disruptive to the field, and could really begin to displace public and private investments in some areas.鈥�

Some education leaders worry that the Gates Foundation may already have too much influence.

鈥淲e have had a lot of discussions about the role of philanthropy,鈥� said Brita Butler-Wall, the president of the school board for the 46,000-student Seattle district. Gates provided $26 million for the district鈥檚 work in 2000, one of its biggest early grants.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 understand if the Gates Foundation sees itself as trying to support districts or lead districts,鈥� Ms. Butler-Wall said. 鈥淣o one was elected by the Gates Foundation to run schools.鈥�

But Bryan C. Hassel, a Chapel Hill, N.C.-based education expert, argues that the foundation has filled a vital space when it comes to high schools.

鈥淭here鈥檚 a huge role for philanthropy in promoting experimentation and research, so we can learn how to solve these problems,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hey鈥檝e played exactly that role. ... The mixed results of that are completely to be expected, because that鈥檚 what you get when you experiment.鈥�

In any case, the foundation鈥檚 pursuit of broad influence should come as no surprise, said Chester E. Finn Jr., who heads the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation in Washington, a research and advocacy group that does a small amount of grantmaking in Ohio.

鈥淪hould a large, rich private foundation be attempting to change the minds of public officials is a legitimate question,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut every large foundation 鈥� in my memory has been doing precisely that.鈥�