Open educational resources are claiming a place in schools in a diverse array of countries.
South Africa鈥檚 91制片厂视频 Department is printing math and science textbooks produced from such resources for use in grades 10 through 12. In the Netherlands, the Ministry of 91制片厂视频 has developed a platform called for employing open resources. Vietnamese educators are translating such resources and creating their own to build a repository available for their country鈥檚 students.
鈥淚t鈥檚 interesting to watch this whole field of open education resources grow from embryonic to industry-challenging,鈥� said Lisa Petrides, the executive director of the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in 91制片厂视频, a nonprofit research organization in Half Moon Bay, Calif., that created the , a repository of open education resources.
鈥淚n one sense, the field has gotten more competitive, but it鈥檚 also more exciting,鈥� she said.
The , started with aid from the Durbanville, South Africa-based Shuttleworth Foundation, which supports open education efforts in that country, aims to build open curriculum for every grade in every subject in South African primary and secondary schools.
Since 2007, Siyavula has compiled the contributions of hundreds of subject experts around the world to create open education textbooks for all grades. This year, the South African Department of Basic 91制片厂视频 will be printing the Siyavula-created open textbooks in math and science for all 10th to 12th graders in the country.
The printed books look and feel the same as publisher-built textbooks, said Mark Horner, the manager of the Siyavula project, so it should be a smooth transition for South African teachers. There will also be online versions of the textbooks, with embedded links and videos, for teachers and students who have access to the Internet, he said.
鈥淢any teachers don鈥檛 know how to start integrating technology into the classroom,鈥� said Mr. Horner, 鈥渟o this should give them some ideas.鈥�
In fact, the real power of open education resources comes not from the fact that they are free, he said, but from the ability to customize the resources.
鈥淭he real benefit is that educators can customize materials for the classroom, and we can then build a mega-repository of educational materials for all learning styles that educators can draw on in an instant,鈥� Mr. Horner said.
All the textbooks made from the volunteers coordinated by Siyavula will always remain free, he said, and they can be accessed through the Houston-based open education repository .
Nationwide Platform
In 2008, the Dutch minister of education, Ronald Plasterk, announced a nationwide project that would create an open, Internet-based platform for teachers at all levels of education鈥攆rom primary school to university鈥攖o be able to share, develop, and remix open education resources. The platform name, Wikiwijs, means 鈥渨ikiwise鈥� in English.
The platform was launched in 2009 with resources in math and languages at the primary, secondary, and community college levels and has since expanded to include all other subjects and levels of education.
Jan-Bart de Vreede, the senior product manager for Wikiwijs, said it has had an impact on the way teachers use curriculum in their classrooms.
鈥淭eachers feel more empowered and become the 鈥榦wner鈥� of their lessons again,鈥� said Mr. de Vreede. 鈥淩ather than follow the book every week, it becomes much easier to take detours or create a completely different course altogether.鈥�
Wikiwijs also allows teachers to find materials to differentiate instruction for students, he said.
However, challenges go hand in hand with using open education resources, said Mr. de Vreede. For instance, quality control can be an issue.
鈥淲e try to get large education institutions to 鈥榬ecommend鈥� materials so that teachers have more indications of the kind of content they are dealing with,鈥� Mr. de Vreede said. And making sure that the resources are tagged correctly so that they can be found easily is another challenge, he pointed out.
Lastly, using open education resources takes more time and effort than using prepackaged materials, he said.
鈥淯sing OER does not save time at first because the alternative is a closed book or digital course, which requires almost no work from the teacher to find, but requires money,鈥� he said.
Implementing a project like this in the Netherlands has been successful so far, but developing countries may run into other difficulties, such as a lack of technological infrastructure, said Mr. de Vreede.
Global Collaboration
Anna Batchelder is the chief executive officer and co-founder of , an educational technology professional-development and consulting company based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Her company trains Middle Eastern teachers in how to access and use open education resources, thus opening the door to materials they otherwise could not afford, she said.
鈥淥ERs are bringing the international education community together,鈥� Ms. Batchelder said. 鈥淔or example, a math teacher in Dubai can now easily see how teachers in other countries teach fractions, and vice versa.鈥�
In addition, many of the OER repositories, such as , an online community that focuses on materials for K-12, and , or P2PU, which provides open-course materials for higher education, offer platforms for teachers to discuss, debate, and collaborate, she said.
For example, Ms. Batchelder co-facilitated a course through P2PU about using Web 2.0 and social-media tools to promote learning, a class that attracted educators from Abu Dhabi, Australia, Japan, Mexico, Spain, and the United States.
鈥淚t was wonderful to see the rich discussions that unfolded on P2PU and Skype as a result of bringing together people with such distinct pedagogical backgrounds,鈥� she said.
But Ms. Batchelder echoed the concerns about open education resources outlined by Mr. de Vreede. Quality control and tagging the resources can be difficult, she said. Beyond that challenge, the vast majority of open education resources are only available in English, she noted.
鈥淲e need to start encouraging teachers that speak other languages to share their lessons, or translations of lessons, as well,鈥� she said.
Many OER projects, such as Connexions, which is an OER repository created by Rice University, and the 鈥攁 repository of thousands of educational videos on math, science, history, and other subjects created by the hedge fund manager-turned-educator Sal Khan鈥攁re actively seeking to translate materials into other languages.
Translating resources is one of the main undertakings of the , or VOER, which aims to build a repository of educational resources to be used by the whole country. Minh Do, the program director for VOER, which is led by the Vietnam Foundation, based in Hanoi, said that project鈥檚 focus right now is on higher education.
Through the project, faculty members publish their courses online through the platform. Students taking the courses then update the open courseware and materials, based on their notes and experiences in the classroom.
鈥淒eveloping countries like Vietnam will get benefits from [the open education movement] as high-quality and up-to-date materials from well-known universities and research institutions in the developed countries are free to use,鈥� Mr. Do said.
鈥淰OER is very easy to use and very convenient. Everyone can use it, as there is almost no high-tech requirement鈥� besides basic computer skills, he said.
U.S. Interest Rising
VOER is a sister repository to the Houston-based Connexions, said Richard G. Baraniuk, the founder and director of Connexions and a professor in the department of electrical and computer engineering at Rice University.
Founded in 1999, Connexions hosts almost 20,000 resources used by about 2 million users each month.
One of the most powerful aspects of the repository, said Mr. Baraniuk, is not necessarily the outreach of the project, but the types of contributions it receives.
鈥淚鈥檓 interested in the ability for diverse contributions from people around the world and all walks of life to contribute material and have them get used in all kinds of educational contexts,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t adds a real diversity and extra dimension to the resources.鈥�
And although many open education resources are available to students and teachers in the United States, teaching from open education resources is not the norm, said Karen Fasimpaur, the president of K12 Handhelds Inc., a Portal, Ariz.-based education technology company, and an advocate for open education resources.
鈥淥ER definitely started in higher education, but the last two years, especially, it has started getting a lot more interest in K-12,鈥� she said. 鈥淧robably the biggest driver of that is the economic situation. Also, there鈥檚 more of a critical mass of high-quality content now, and that makes a big difference.鈥�
Teachers are also becoming more familiar with incorporating digital resources into the classroom, said Ms. Fasimpaur.
Part of the reason open education resources may be integrated more quickly in countries outside the United States is the way that education systems are governed, Ms. Fasimpaur said.
鈥淭he biggest difference is [in other countries] there鈥檚 a ministry of education that makes a decision, and if there鈥檚 any sort of review process, it鈥檚 done at a national level, whereas in the U.S. it鈥檚 not only at the state level, but in many cases, it鈥檚 really building by building,鈥� she said.
Many other countries have also embraced mobile technologies at a faster pace than the United States, said Ms. Fasimpaur, which could help lead to quicker adoption of open resources.
Kim Jones, the executive director of the Cupertino, Calif.-based Curriki, agreed that open education resources in U.S. K-12 education have grown in the past several years. Like other experts, she agreed that the challenge now is not getting educators to contribute resources, but weeding through the vast amount of information to find the high-quality resources that teachers want and need.
鈥淲e鈥檙e trying to build collections and align the collections to standards and really curate the content,鈥� Ms. Jones said.
