But in Kansas this year, lawmakers and school officials are asking deeper questions about not only how much money is spent but also where to invest that money to assure that black, Latino, and low-income students, in particular, are seeing academic results.
An all-out war erupted last month between school officials, the legislature, and the governor over how to boost the achievement level of a quarter of the state鈥檚 students using the state鈥檚 funding system. The flash point: a state supreme court ruling in early March that called the state鈥檚 school spending methods inadequate and unconstitutional.
Kansas school districts hail the decision as a victory in a years-long legal battle with the legislature over the school funding mechanism and predict the ruling will require the state to pour close to $779 million more into an old funding formula to satisfy the court. They say the legislature has for years left schools flailing financially, sparking a statewide teacher shortage and forcing superintendents to choose between giving their teachers raises, raising class sizes, and keeping critical wraparound programs.
It鈥檚 not how the state doles out money, school officials said, it鈥檚 how much money it doles out.
But Republican Gov. Sam Brownback and the state鈥檚 Republican legislators take a far different view. They point to language in the ruling that they say recognized that while the amount of money counts, so does how it鈥檚 spent.
Under their proposal, which is now snaking its way through the House of Representatives, the state would crack down on academically wayward schools, upend its accreditation process to demand faster gains, offer vouchers to students 鈥渢rapped鈥� at chronically failing schools, and more strictly target money to intervention programs for the state鈥檚 poor students.
Bottom line: The governor and GOP lawmakers estimate a satisfactory solution would cost the state just $75 million.
鈥淭he Kansas Supreme Court correctly observes that our education system has failed to provide a suitable education for the lowest-performing 25 percent of students,鈥� Brownback said after the ruling. 鈥淭he old funding formula failed our students, particularly those that struggle most. The new funding system must right this wrong.鈥�
District officials argue those approaches won鈥檛 be effective and the court would likely reject the new funding formula.
鈥淟ike Jerry McGuire, it鈥檚 time for the state to show me the money,鈥� said Alan Rupe, the lawyer for the Dodge City, Hutchinson, Kansas City, and Witchita school districts. 鈥淭his is like throwing a glass of water on a prairie fire.鈥�
Examining Test Scores
In the past, courts typically have ruled on whether a state鈥檚 school funding level is high enough and is distributed equitably between districts. Experts say there鈥檚 a new dimension to those cases now that those bringing the lawsuits can cite standardized test data that makes crystal clear the academic disparities between white students and black and Latino students and the effectiveness of state spending habits to close those disparities.
鈥淭here are some deep, difficult issues lurking in the background of these lawsuits, such as a child鈥檚 nutrition, the presence of lead paint in the home, violence, [that] clearly have an impact on educational outcomes,鈥� said Richard E. Levy, a professor of constitutional law at the University of Kansas who has studied courts鈥� rulings on achievement gaps. 鈥淎dequate funding for poorer districts is an important and necessary step, but it鈥檚 not going to be sufficient because there are larger social issues that have to be addressed in more comprehensive ways to address the achievement.鈥�
Those issues have been a factor in school funding debates this year in Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, and Wyoming, where lawmakers are attempting to dismantle decades-old funding formulas in response to state court rulings dating, in some cases, back to the 1980s.
The Kansas ruling caps decades of infighting between the state鈥檚 politicians and its supreme court justices over what constitutes an 鈥渁dequate鈥� and 鈥渆quitable鈥� education under the state constitution. Both of the issues were at stake in the long-running funding lawsuit, Gannon v. Kansas, which spawned two separate high court rulings.
Last year, the state supreme court deemed the way the state distributed money between its wealthier and poorer districts inequitable and threatened to shut the public schools down unless policymakers assured the system wasn鈥檛 shortchanging the poorer districts. The state ultimately came up with changes that satisfied the districts鈥� complaints.
Funding Adequacy
But the second part of the Gannon lawsuit dealt with adequacy: whether the state was investing enough money in order to get students to meet the state鈥檚 minimal expectations for them.
In its March ruling calling the state鈥檚 funding system inadequate, Kansas supreme court justices considered test-score data and the state鈥檚 own standards to determine that the way the money was being spent failed the test of adequacy. They noted, in particular, that half of the state鈥檚 black students and a third of its Latino students don鈥檛 meet basic reading and math standards.
The legislature is left to come up with a funding system that meets the court鈥檚 definition of adequate, and is both politically feasible and affordable. And it鈥檚 doing so amid a severe fiscal crunch.
The current system, adopted in 2015, provides block grants directly to districts based on need and student population. The state鈥檚 educators favor returning to the funding formula the state used prior the block grant, which they say contains appropriate weights for low-income students and students with special needs. They have asked for $779 million in extra supports that include expanding pre-K, giving teachers raises, and adding hundreds of school counselors and social workers.
The state鈥檚 school board association bases its estimation of a satisfactory court ruling on the amount of money the state has cut from the budget since the court most recently ruled the funding formula inadequate.
But under the bill that鈥檚 making its way through the House, , several wealthier districts would actually lose money, a sure-fire way for the court to reject that funding formula, too, lawyers say.
Conservative legislators cite data that show that despite hundreds of millions of dollars of investment after an earlier ruling, overall achievement levels for the state鈥檚 poor and minority students barely budged. In order for improvement, the state needs to more strategically parse out its dollars and raise its expectations of districts.
鈥淢oney always matters, but it鈥檚 not the amount,鈥� said Dave Trabert, the president of the Kansas Policy Institute, who helped design the funding formula being proposed in the house. He alleges districts misspent millions of dollars in recent years. 鈥淚t鈥檚 how the money is spent that will make the difference.鈥�
Alan Cunningham, the superintendent of Dodge City, one of the districts that originally sued the state, said tighter controls from the state on district spending for low-income students鈥� unique needs will prevent the district from boosting test scores.
Administrators at the mostly rural district, located near a beef plant that employs thousands of recent Mexican and Somali immigrants, have spent unrestricted money from the state to provide more transportation for its students, and offer several after-school activities to keep students engaged, all efforts Cunningham says are at risk under the new formula.
鈥淲hat we鈥檝e found out is these kids are really, really sharp kids but they鈥檝e had interruptions in their schooling,鈥� Cunningham said, mentioning language barriers and family stability. 鈥淭hese are all barriers, but they are not things that can鈥檛 be overcome if we had the right resources. 鈥�
