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Four months after President Barack Obama made education a centerpiece of his State of the Union address, lawmakers charged with reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary 91制片厂视频 Act are beginning to sketch out their own visions for aspects of the law鈥檚 renewal.
Still, the prospects that Congress will meet the president鈥檚 goal鈥攁 comprehensive, bipartisan reauthorization by the start of the next school year鈥攔emain cloudy.
Bipartisan talks continue in the Senate, but lawmakers are still puzzling over issues at the heart of the ESEA, including just what the federal role in school improvement and accountability should be. The current version of the law, the 9-year-old No Child Left Behind Act, greatly expanded Washington鈥檚 role in holding schools accountable for their students鈥� academic results.
Meanwhile, Republican members of the GOP-led House are preparing a series of bills on such issues as funding flexibility and the elimination of certain education programs. It鈥檚 an open question whether those measures will ultimately garner the broad bipartisan support necessary to craft final legislation at a time when each party controls just one chamber and the White House is in Democratic hands.
The administration is beginning to express frustration with the progress of negotiations.
鈥淲e are concerned that it is not moving at a more rapid pace,鈥� Carmel Martin, the assistant secretary for planning, evaluation, and policy development at the U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频, said at a May 12 event hosted by the Center for American Progress, a Washington think tank. Still, she complimented lawmakers on their commitment to moving a bill forward.
Even though neither the House鈥檚 nor the Senate鈥檚 education committee has released a comprehensive reauthorization bill, lawmakers are working on more targeted legislation dealing with important pieces of the ESEA, which has been the flagship federal law in K-12 education since 1965.
Rep. John Kline, R-Minn., the chairman of the House 91制片厂视频 and the Workforce Committee, has long said he would like to break the ESEA-renewal bill into smaller, bite-size pieces.
On Friday, Rep. Duncan Hunter, R-Calif., a member of the committee, introduced the , a bill that would permanently scrap a number of smaller education programs that lawmakers say aren鈥檛 effective.
That list includes many of the programs that were defunded in the final fiscal year 2011 budget legislation, which cut funding for Striving Readers, Smaller Learning Communities, and the Even Start Family Literacy program, among other programs.
President Obama targeted many of those same programs for consolidation in for fiscal 2012. Under the administration鈥檚 plan, for instance, a number of smaller teacher-training programs would be scrapped, though the money would go into one competitive pot aimed at improving teacher quality.
But the House bill would instead entirely eliminate programs deemed ineffective in order to save money, not simply shift them to other funding streams, advocates say.
Rep. Kline expects the new legislation could spark a partisan fight.
鈥淓veryone is willing to eliminate or consolidate a program or two,鈥� he said at a May 4 event at another Washington think tank, the Heritage Foundation. 鈥淲e鈥檙e going to take a little bit bigger step than that. We just have programs that we don鈥檛 need out there.鈥�
The House committee also is preparing a bill that would give school districts more leeway to transfer federal funds from one program to another.
鈥淪chools are enormously frustrated that they can鈥檛 move money,鈥� Rep. Kline said at the Heritage Foundation event. 鈥淭hey need flexibility in funding.鈥�
Lawmakers are considering allowing districts to move all of the money out of a particular funding stream and transfer it to another, according to advocates familiar with the discussions.
House members also are considering including language that would free districts from federal reporting requirements for funding streams they don鈥檛 use. There could be just two key exceptions: the law鈥檚 Title I, which supports programs for disadvantaged children, and Title III, which authorizes aid for programs serving English-language learners.
Mixed Reaction
The flexibility proposal is not something that many Democrats are likely to support, said Charles Barone, the director of federal policy for Democrats for 91制片厂视频 Reform, a political action committee in New York City.
Rep. George Miller of California, the top Democrat on the House education committee, met with Mr. Kline last week to discuss the pending legislation. 鈥淭he meeting went well. I鈥檓 hopeful that we鈥檙e on track to keep moving forward with the reauthorization,鈥� he said.
Officials with the American Association of School Administrators, in Arlington, Va., were pleased with what they were hearing about the flexibility proposal.
鈥淲e see this as a strong parallel鈥� with the increased rhetoric around local control, said Noelle Ellerson, the assistant director of policy and advocacy for the AASA.
As schools struggle to cope with the end of funding from the federal economic-stimulus program, they鈥檒l welcome the chance to move dollars around, she said. 鈥淔lexibility can be as good as new money,鈥� Ms. Ellerson said.
She expressed concern, however, that the greater leeway being proposed could take pressure off Congress to boost funding for education.
National 91制片厂视频 Association officials were less than thrilled with what they were hearing from Capitol Hill sources about the legislation.
Mary Kusler, the manager of federal advocacy for the NEA, said a number of schools are already struggling to find funding for students in poverty, English-language learners, and other students needing extra help. She worries that those groups could be shortchanged under the bill.
鈥淚f the federal government isn鈥檛 providing money for high-poverty students and ELLs, among other special populations, ... who else will?鈥� Ms. Kusler said.
Debate Over Federal Role
The scope of the federal role in education has also become a point of discussion in the Senate, where bipartisan talks on the ESEA continue. Some senators are interested in training the federal focus primarily on the lowest-performing schools, perhaps the bottom 5 percent or 10 percent, advocates say.
Since discussions are ongoing, it鈥檚 still unclear just what an accountability system that focused primarily鈥攐r only鈥攐n the lowest-performing schools would look like.
Some in the civil rights community say limiting the federal emphasis only to the lowest-performing schools is not good policy.
鈥淭here鈥檚 no indication that there鈥檚 going to be a [draft bill] that includes something other than the lowest five to ten percent of schools, and that won鈥檛 cut it,鈥� said Dianne Piche, the director of education programs for the 91制片厂视频 Conference on Civil Rights.
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the influential coalition of business organizations, has also made clear that it wants to see all schools included in the accountability system under a reauthorized ESEA, not just the lowest performers.
The group recently released for reauthorizing the ESEA that kept key aspects of the current accountability system intact, such as setting a clear deadline for bringing all students to proficiency in reading and math and requiring states to set annual, measurable goals for the achievement of all students, and for specific subgroups, such as racial minorities.
鈥淭here is an important federal role in education,鈥� said Margaret Spellings, the president of the Chamber鈥檚 Forum for Policy Innovation, who served as U.S. secretary of education under President George W. Bush.
But GOP education leaders in the Senate are thinking along very different lines, a senior Republican staff aide said.
鈥淭he challenge with what the Chamber and the Washington groups are suggesting is that there is still too much of a command-and-control philosophy,鈥� the aide said. 鈥淲ashington needs to get out of the way. Trying to micromanage the system didn鈥檛 work with NCLB; it鈥檚 not going to work if we build a better mousetrap.鈥�
The aide said Republican education leaders in the Senate do want to keep some aspects of the current system intact, such as requiring states to continue to test students annually in reading and math in grades 3-8 and once in high school. States would still report student-achievement data, and data would still need to be disaggregated by student subgroups, including racial minorities.
But GOP senators overseeing education policy would like most of the federal attention to shift to fixing schools that fall in the bottom 5 percent in student performance. The federal government would not specify interventions or labels for other schools, the aide said.
It鈥檚 not clear whether Democrats will go along with that plan, education advocates say.
But Mr. Barone said he is worried that the interest in focusing on the lowest performers could be bipartisan.
鈥淚鈥檝e been surprised that I鈥檝e talked to Democrats who鈥檝e been persuaded that that鈥檚 an adequate federal role,鈥� he said. 鈥淔ocusing on just five or ten percent of schools is going to miss the majority of students who aren鈥檛 getting a college-and-career-ready education.鈥�
For his part, Rep. Kline, the House education committee chairman, hasn鈥檛 yet laid out his vision for a new accountability system in detail, but he did hint at his views when speaking to the Heritage Foundation earlier this month.
鈥淚 think many of us would say, maybe you don鈥檛 need to be accountable to the secretary of education,鈥� he said. 鈥淢aybe you ought to be accountable to the local community, to parents,鈥� school boards, and states.
Other Measures
Although senators have yet to introduce a comprehensive reauthorization bill, some key senators have recently put forth legislation dealing with key topics. The bills could be incorporated into a broader ESEA law.
One measure, sponsored by Sen. Kay Hagan, D-N.C., would codify the administration鈥檚 four models for turning around the lowest performing school, which include closing schools and replacing staff. The bill would make some tweaks to the program, in part to help rural schools share best practices.
Another is a literacy bill, introduced by Sen. Patty Murray, D-Wash., which would help states and districts bolster instruction in reading and writing for students from birth through grade 12.
