California and Wisconsin each have formed a consortium with other states and applied for the full $10.7 million available in a grant competition to create English-language-proficiency tests for the states鈥� common-core academic standards.
Their applications will force the to decide if it will split up the money or choose one winner. The awards will be announced in late summer.
Each of the two consortia has recruited enough states to meet the 15-state minimum required by the 91制片厂视频 Department to get bonus points in the application-review process. California鈥檚 consortium includes 17 other states; Wisconsin鈥檚 includes 26 others.
Some states with a large number of English-language learners are not on the list of either consortium, including New York, which already had been developing an English-proficiency assessment for its state alone, and Texas, which didn鈥檛 adopt the common-core standards.
Both consortia propose to create computer-based assessments, which is also the case for the consortia creating regular academic-content assessments aligned with the common-core standards. (Draft Rules Point Way to Consistency in ELL Policies,鈥� April 6, 2011.)
In addition to developing summative assessments, both California and Wisconsin propose to create a diagnostic assessment that can be used for identification and placement of ELLs. And they both plan to include tools that will inform curriculum planning and assessment. The summary of the grant proposal submitted by Wisconsin calls these tools 鈥渇ormative assessments,鈥� while the summary of the application submitted by California says the assessments will 鈥減rovide data to inform teachers in their instruction and curriculum planning.鈥�
Deborah V.H. Sigman, the deputy state superintendent for the curriculum, learning, and accountability branch of the California Department of 91制片厂视频, said the California proposal intentionally avoided the word 鈥渇ormative鈥� because the word is sometimes misused.
Wisconsin鈥檚 proposal pledges to create benchmark assessments, while California鈥檚 proposal does not. The document says the benchmark assessments will be organized by language domain鈥攚hich means reading, writing, speaking, and listening鈥攁nd five grade-level clusters that will provide 鈥渋mmediate feedback.鈥� By contrast, the proposal describes formative assessments as a process that will integrate language-learning progressions aligned with the common-core standards into assessments used in the classroom.
The summary from California says that state will join with the to create the tests. Wisconsin鈥檚 plan says that state and its partners will work in collaboration with the , or WIDA, which has developed the nation鈥檚 most popular English-language-proficiency test, to make the new assessments. WIDA, housed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has also conducted a fair amount of research about its English-proficiency test.
Ellen Forte, the president and founder of edCount, a Washington-based assessment-consulting business, and an expert on evaluating the validity of assessments, sized up the Wisconsin proposal as more clearly and coherently spelling out how its consortium would address test design, administration, scoring, psychometrics, and reporting than the California proposal.
鈥楢 Waste of Time鈥�?
But Stephen D. Krashen, a professor emeritus of education at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, says that creating a new generation of English-language-proficiency tests is a waste of time and money. He criticized the proposals for being based 鈥渙n the invalid assumption that we can describe and teach all aspects of language directly.鈥� He added, 鈥淚 have argued since 1975 that direct teaching is very limited: descriptions of rules [for how language works] are incomplete and often very complicated, and it is very difficult to use the rules we have consciously learned.鈥�
California has recruited 17 other states for its consortium: Arkansas, Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Oregon, Washington, and West Virginia.
Wisconsin has recruited 26 other states plus the District of Columbia. The states are: Alabama, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Wyoming.
Three states are on both lists.
