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Apple Inc. announced aggressive new efforts last week to move into the K-12 electronic-textbook market, though educational publishers said the biggest news from the move is how the normally disruptive company is likely to help the publishing industry rather than challenge it.
Through a partnership with three major K-12 textbook publishers鈥擬cGraw-Hill, Pearson, and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt鈥擜pple is offering interactive textbooks through its iBooks store at $14.99 or less. The textbooks feature multimedia elements, including video, three-dimensional graphics, and photo galleries. They also allow students to highlight text to create flashcards and search within a glossary.
The publishers will give Apple a cut of the revenue; 30 percent in the case of individual consumers, and an undetermined amount when selling on a state or district level. It鈥檚 a mutually beneficial model akin to iTunes, publishers said, not a run around the publishing industry, as had been speculated and hinted at by Apple founder Steve Jobs before his death last year.
鈥淎pple developed the software, but it鈥檚 our books and our content,鈥� said Genevieve Shore, the chief information officer for Pearson 91制片厂视频, based in Upper Saddle River, N.J. Apple鈥檚 large distribution model allows those books to reach more people, Ms. Shore said, and its advanced Web development and presentation allows for a superior textbook.
At the characteristically sleek announcement last week from the Guggenheim Museum in New York City, Phil Schiller, an Apple senior vice president, and other officials demonstrated a science textbook, , created for the iPad by the renowned scientist E.O. Wilson. It features 3-D models of a cell that can be rotated by swiping a finger. A larger photograph in the sidebar can then be expanded into full-screen mode for a closer look, a move that elicited applause from the crowd at the event.
Apple also unveiled a brand-new application called iBooks Author, which allows users to create and publish their own e-books. The tool can be used only on Macintosh computers, but books can immediately be published into the iBooks store. Using an interface similar to other Apple applications like iMovie or GarageBand, users can import media into the program and drag and drop it onto a blank page. Users can create custom glossaries and custom widgets that allow for greater interactivity.
Lastly, Apple announced it is upgrading , its directory for educational content for higher education, to allow teachers to create entire online courses. Eddy Cue, Apple鈥檚 senior vice president of Internet software and services, said iTunes U is also now expanding to the K-12 market.
How Much Disruption?
In its entirety, the announcement signals Apple鈥檚 intent to further deepen its market share in K-12 education. Sales of the iPad are outpacing Mac computers in the education sector, and there were 1.5 million iPads in use in education, more than 1,000 one-to-one iPad computing initiatives in K-12, and 20,000 education apps in the iTunes store.
Critics still question, however, whether iPads improve learning, and there are few independent studies offering data to prove that they do.
Mr. Jobs had always taken an interest in education, and in Walter Isaacson鈥檚 2011 biography of the technology innovator, as speaking of a 鈥渃orrupt鈥� state textbook-approval process, the massive textbook industry, and his hope to transform it.
For textbook publishers, though, business won鈥檛 be as disrupted as Mr. Jobs may have hoped.
Ms. Shore of Pearson 91制片厂视频 said creating content for Apple would be no different from creating any other kind of textbook content. Pearson creates the content first, then adapts it to multiple platforms, whether it鈥檚 Apple, Android, Amazon, or print.
And publishers believe that regardless of the technology (or the user-generation tools), they will still be relied on to create useful content.
鈥淭he common myth is that anybody can create quality content and curriculum,鈥� said Lisa O鈥橫asta, the vice president of STEM marketing鈥攑roducts for science, technology, engineering, and math鈥攁t New York City-based McGraw-Hill. 鈥淭he reality is there鈥檚 a lot that goes into what curriculum is created.鈥�
That leaves the accessibility issues up to the publishers, which have to provide high-quality content across multiple platforms, not companies like Apple that offer the platforms, Ms. Shore said.
Some educational technology experts agreed.
鈥淚t鈥檚 not whether the tablet or iPad is beneficial; it鈥檚 the content,鈥� said John Bailey, a former director of educational technology for the U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频 under President George W. Bush and now an educational technology consultant.
The bottom line, at least for the major publishers, doesn鈥檛 stand to change much either, Ms. O鈥橫asta said. A traditional textbook that costs nearly $100 is updated every five years or so, requiring the school to buy new ones. E-textbooks can be updated at any time, and students must purchase the new versions every school year. Even with the cut going to Apple, there鈥檚 not likely to be a major difference in revenue.
Publishers wouldn鈥檛 speculate on whether they would bundle in certain devices when selling textbooks at the district level. For districtwide textbook purchases, students will be given a code to access books on their devices.
Cost Questioned
But some critics believe the cost of the devices could prevent the innovative textbooks from being used by the students who need them most. By the end of the year, for example, McGraw-Hill will produce five Apple-only textbooks. If the textbooks can be used on Apple devices only, it could require cash-strapped districts to decide on Apple or a lesser education.
鈥淯nless the economy significantly improves and the state governments have a load of money, I鈥檓 not sure where the districts will find money for $400 devices, and textbooks,鈥� said Osman Rashid, the chief executive officer and co-founder of , an e-textbook company in Santa Clara, Calif., that focuses on higher education.
Ultimately, Mr. Rashid said, Apple鈥檚 plans will have an overall positive effect on education because they will help prove the value of interactive textbooks and learning. Plus, it will provide more competition in a crowded but important area.
鈥淢ay the best product win,鈥� he said.
