When leaders of couldn鈥檛 find a reliable way to bring technology to students in their homes, they came up with a workaround鈥攖hey brought students to the technology.
Many students at the high school, located in a poor neighborhood on Chicago鈥檚 West Side, lack reliable Internet in their residences, and sending devices home with them was not a realistic option. So officials at the school opened the facility to students on Saturdays, giving them access to a safe, Web-connected hub where they could work on lessons that required technology.
Blended learning is generally defined as the effort to integrate technology-based lessons alongside traditional, person-to-person instruction. But some schools and districts face daunting obstacles in trying to ensure that blended learning takes place at home, not just in the classroom. Those barriers include concerns that the devices will be lost or stolen, and worries that impoverished students do not have access to the Web at home, creating inequities.
The Chicago school鈥檚 strategy is just one example of the creative and unconventional efforts being tried around the country meant to extend the amount of time that students can spend on blended learning.
Giving individual devices to students has been 鈥渁 huge safety concern,鈥� explained Todd Yarch, VOISE Academy鈥檚 principal. So is unreliable Web access: 鈥淚f they take the laptop home and there鈥檚 no Internet, what good is it?鈥�
Today, districts鈥� efforts to bring blended learning home include not only giving students access to Internet-connected schools after hours, but also providing them with Wi-Fi connections on school buses and in other out-of-school locations, and asking educators to encourage students to engage in tech-based study away from school.
The Fairfield-Suisun Unified school system, a socioeconomically diverse district of about 22,000 students halfway between Sacramento and San Francisco, also weighed security concerns as it prepared to launch a 1-to-1 computing program last fall.
District officials pilot-tested the idea of in one of the school system鈥檚 most impoverished communities. Initially fearing that the iPads would be stolen, the district required that the devices be kept on school grounds.
But later, they decided to let students take them home鈥攁fter concluding that worries about security were overblown.
The focus of districts should be making sure that blended learning can happen 鈥渁ll the time,鈥� explained Tim Goree, the district鈥檚 director of technology support services.
鈥淓very school in our district has its own unique needs,鈥� he noted. 鈥淎nd even if you have a device and Internet for every student, it doesn鈥檛 necessarily mean that the blended part of home learning will happen.鈥�
Limited research exists on the extent to which tech-based blended learning plays out in home environments to the same degree it does on school grounds.
But preliminary findings from a study underway by the Center on Reinventing Public 91制片厂视频, a Seattle-based policy-research group run out of the University of Washington鈥檚 Bothell campus, suggests that many schools are struggling to solidify the home piece of the puzzle.
Lawrence J. Miller, a senior research fellow at the center, is working on the study, which will examine the effectiveness of blended learning programs. Though final results are not due to be released until this spring, among 17 schools using blended learning that were reviewed, 13 didn鈥檛 require students to devote any time to online, off-campus work.
Among the four other schools, the numbers varied widely鈥攚ith students completing an average of 30 to 80 minutes of online study per night.
On the whole, Mr. Miller found that the majority of the 17 schools studied did not require students to complete technology-based lessons, and that on average, the students enrolled in those schools spent only 13 minutes on online homework a night, or a little more than an hour each week.
Racial, Income Gaps
While school officials鈥� worries about devices being damaged or stolen can undermine blended learning, Mr. Miller said, educators鈥� hesitancy is also shaped by their awareness that many students lack Internet access at home.
Web access for children has risen dramatically over time, but not all populations have benefited equally. Children from minority households lag behind their peers in connecting to the Internet.
SOURCE: Child Trends
鈥淭eachers are very concerned about equity of performance within the classroom among highfliers and lowfliers,鈥� Mr. Miller explained. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e worried that kids who are already doing great will go home and knock it out of the park, while the kids who are not doing well will just fall farther and farther behind.鈥�
Home Web access has increased steadily over time, and more than 80 percent of households are connected to the Internet today, according to research compiled by Child Trends, a nonprofit research center based in Bethesda, Md. But minority students are less likely to have connectivity at home than are their white peers, as are impoverished students.
Over the past few years, a number of private companies and nonprofit organizations have worked together to try to expand Internet access in poor communities, in some cases in partnership with the federal government.
In addition, many organizations are urging federal officials to overhaul the E-rate program, which was designed to improve technology access in schools and libraries in impoverished communities.
In some communities, the challenges involved in connecting students to the Internet are daunting.
VOISE Academy High School, which stands for Virtual Opportunities Inside a School Environment, is in its sixth year of implementing a 1-to-1 computing program. Ninety-five percent of its 330 students are black, and nearly all qualify for either a free or reduced-price lunch.
The academy, part of the 404,000-student Chicago school system, has sought to extend blended learning time鈥攚ith some trial and error.
First, school leaders began refurbishing desktop computers and installing them in the homes of students that lacked computers. But because so many students lacked reliable Internet access, those devices were quickly rendered useless.
鈥淎s Internet prices come down, the problem will eventually solve itself, but in neighborhoods like ours, it鈥檚 not going to solve itself in the next couple of years,鈥� said Mr. Yarch, the principal.
On-Site Strategies
As a solution, shortly after the school鈥檚 founding in 2008, VOISE Academy started experimenting with opening its doors on Saturdays. Initially, those weekend sessions had been designed as a punishment for students facing disciplinary infractions. But Mr. Yarch allowed students who showed up to use their school-issued laptops to complete missed assignments鈥攐nly to find that many of them asked to be allowed to come back.
VOISE Academy is now a frequent hub of weekend learning, used by students trying to boost their grades, Advanced Placement students working on group projects, and others completing assignments that require Web connectivity. In addition, some students elect to stay during after-school hours to log in more learning time.
Even with that policy, assigning homework presents a formidable challenge for the school鈥檚 teachers, who find that they can鈥檛 require digital lessons without putting some students at an overwhelming disadvantage.
Most teachers either convert online assignments into paper-based ones or ask that students plug in data and responses before class begins.
鈥淚t鈥檚 an imperfect system,鈥� conceded Mr. Yarch, who added that he is continually searching for better ways to bridge the digital divide.
Around the country, some districts have instituted a patchwork approach to ensure that students鈥� use of technology doesn鈥檛 end when the school day ends.
Mary E. Fluharty is the coordinator of online learning for the Alexandria public schools, a Virginia district of around 13,000 students that first went 1-to-1 a decade ago. Each night, 3,000 of its high school students take their devices home. For about a quarter of Alexandria鈥檚 students, the district-owned laptops represent the only computer in their household, and many of them lack Internet connectivity.
To help increase access, the district used grant money to install a number of hot spots throughout the city, where students can log in to the district鈥檚 filtered network. And with more teachers utilizing flipped-classrooms鈥攖ypically those in which children watch video lessons at home, and receive more one-on-one instruction in school鈥攎any are also relying on cloud-based computing, or Google docs, so students can move from machine to machine and still access their assignments.
鈥淭his is not a school problem but a community problem,鈥� said Maribeth Luftglass, the chief technology officer in the nearby Fairfax County district. 鈥淚t鈥檚 in all of our best interests to make sure that our kids and our families have access.鈥�
Citing an annual survey, Ms. Luftglass said that 93 percent of the Fairfax district鈥檚 184,000 students have Web access once at home. To help increase home-based digital learning, the district, which is one of the nation鈥檚 most affluent, has established partnerships with local government, businesses, and churches to allow students to use their Wi-Fi networks.
In addition, the Fairfax school system promotes an program, run by Comcast, the Internet, cable, and phone provider, to provide local families whose children receive free or reduced-price meals with discounted Web service, at a cost of $9.95 per month.
The district adopted a 鈥渂ring your own device鈥� program three years ago, allowing students to use smartphones, laptops, or tablets at school. It lends devices to students in need of them鈥攆or short periods such as a weekend, or in some cases for up to the whole school year.
鈥淥ur approach is definitely a multifaceted one,鈥� said Ms. Luftglass. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not 100 percent there, but we鈥檙e working on it.鈥�
Mike Evans, the director of information and instructional support systems for the Forsyth County district, in Georgia, said that the ability to encourage blended learning at home depends not only on the availability of technology but also the willingness of educators to encourage digital-based study in the classroom.
Mobile Links
There鈥檚 some evidence that many teachers in the 41,000-student district are already doing that: Evening is the district鈥檚 peak time for Internet use, typically two or three times higher than the norm, he noted.
鈥淭he home piece really starts with teachers,鈥� said Mr. Evans. 鈥淚f teachers aren鈥檛 using the learning platform, the students have no reason to get into the system.鈥�
The Huntsville, Ala., district is one of the school systems using a cloud-based learning management system, which allows students to connect from school or home and complete academic assignments whenever they log in, as long as they have a Web connection.
The 23,000-student district, which adopted a 1-to-1 program last year, gives all students in grades 3-12 their own laptops. Each day, 16,000 computing devices accompany students home.
What鈥檚 more, the 250-square-mile district has tried to ensure reliable connectivity by putting Wi-Fi hotspots on about a quarter of its 126 school buses so that students can complete assignments on what are often lengthy rides.
鈥淚f we were waiting for everyone to have 100 percent access at home before deciding to go digital, we would never do it,鈥� said Casey Wardynski, Huntsville鈥檚 superintendent. 鈥淒emand builds supply.鈥�
Mr. Wardynski says too many districts are fixated on security, rather than on figuring out creative ways to bring technology-based learning to students wherever they need it.
鈥淭he home piece is the payoff,鈥� he said. 鈥淔olks are too worried about the device and not enough about the kids. You lose 75 percent of the benefit if [the devices] don鈥檛 go home.鈥�
