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A handful of districts, some with the approval of their local teachers鈥� unions, are experimenting with alternatives to the fundamental components that govern teachers鈥� base-pay raises.

Ranging from a long-standing plan in Eagle County, Colo., to a contract ratified earlier this year by teachers in the Pittsburgh district, the systems tie raises more closely to classroom evaluations, rather than granting automatic increases for each year of service or the completion of an advanced degree.

The moves have generated some strife as well. Eagle County officials overhauled their plan recently, and teachers in the 82,000-student Baltimore school system last month rejected a tentative contract that would have codified the changes to their pay system. This month, the city鈥檚 teaching corps will weigh whether to accept a revised version.

While it is probably too soon to determine whether such experimentation is indicative of a trend, other districts, such as Hillsborough County, Fla., have devised plans to move in a similar direction. And both publicly and privately financed grants, such as those from the Teacher Incentive Fund, the Race to the Top initiative, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation鈥檚 Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching are prodding district action.

Some scholars of teacher compensation welcome the experimentation as a chance to try out various alternatives for structuring pay in ways that better suit district needs.

鈥淭here are no road maps out there, so districts have to develop their own systems,鈥� said Michael Podgursky, a professor of economics at the University of Missouri, in Columbia. 鈥淭here鈥檚 no reason to believe that one size fits all. The plans will probably adapt to the labor markets and circumstances of the places they鈥檙e operating in, and the kinds of people they鈥檙e attracting.鈥�

Two Goals

Districts both small and large, with and without strong teachers鈥� unions and with private or public dollars, are re-envisioning pay plans. Many of the details differ, including whether the plans do away with either 鈥渟tep鈥� increases for years of service, 鈥渓ane鈥� increases for holding advanced degrees, or some combination of the two.

But several common features unite the compensation efforts: Unlike bonus programs that are merely added atop the existing pay structure, the initiatives fundamentally rework the compensation system, by tying some salary increases to evaluations.

First instituted in the 1920s, the step-and-lane salary schedule increased in popularity as teachers鈥� unions gained collective bargaining rights and pushed for pay systems that prevented favoritism by administrators or discrimination on the basis of race, gender, or position. A past decade of research analyzing longitudinal student-achievement data has found little alignment between student learning and the salient features of such a salary schedule, which is used in nearly all the nation鈥檚 15,000 districts.

Salary schedules grant annual raises and can go on for dozens of years, but such research has found that most teachers become maximally effective in their first three to five years on the job. And with only a few exceptions, research indicates that teachers who hold advanced degrees are generally not more effective than those without the credentials.

Forthcoming research by Stanford University economist Eric A. Hanushek concludes that, in 2008, 9.5 percent of teachers鈥� total salaries was devoted to paying them for obtaining advanced degrees, and 27 percent for accumulated experience past the second year of teaching.

The goals of the new compensation plans are twofold: to better align those dollars with goals for student achievement, and to provide help for teachers to achieve the goals.

Each of the experimenting districts has put a focus on teacher evaluation at the heart of its revamped pay system. In Harrison School District Two, near Colorado Springs, Colo., teachers get as many as 16, 15-minute classroom checks on their teaching performance a year, in addition to longer, more formal ones. Results from the evaluations factor into annual pay decisions. (鈥淐olo. District Scraps Traditional Teacher-Pay Schedule,鈥� May 12, 2010.)

Impact on Students

Eagle County鈥檚 evaluations are the basis for a raise of up to 4 percent annually, determined by observations by 鈥渕entor鈥� and 鈥渕aster鈥� teachers, in addition to principals, who provide feedback aligned with the evaluation framework. The system also reserves times for teachers to meet weekly to discuss instructional goals.

The plan 鈥渋s less about reforming a compensation system and more about what are the things we need to do to have a high-quality, highly effective teacher in every classroom,鈥� said Traci Wodlinger, the director of professional development for the Colorado district. 鈥淚t is a means to an end, not an end.鈥漣s a means to an end, not an end.鈥�

The system is a modified version of the Teacher Advancement Program, a comprehensive school reform approach run by the Santa Monica, Calif.-based National Institute for Excellence in Teaching.

Details on how teacher evaluation will connect to pay remain to be ironed out in two districts. In the 28,000-student Pittsburgh district, teachers will continue to get small increases annually, but major boosts will be granted only after satisfying a teaching-practice review at the tenure year and each third year thereafter that incorporates information from the evaluation system, to be set up this winter. (鈥淧ittsburgh Teacher Pact Tests 3 New Pay Elements,鈥� June 18, 2010.)

鈥淲e recognized that we have to take a look at student achievement and the impact of the teacher on student achievement,鈥� said John Tarka, the president of the Pittsburgh Federation of Teachers.

鈥楢chievement Units鈥�

Teachers in Baltimore will vote Nov. 17 on the tweaked version of a tentative collective bargaining pact that would de-emphasize both the accumulation of degrees and years of service.

Under the tentative agreement, teachers would earn pay increases by collecting enough 鈥渁chievement units鈥� to move to a higher pay interval. Credit earned toward advanced degrees would be worth only one unit, while a satisfactory evaluation would be worth nine and a superior one, 12. The most-effective teachers could see annual increases, but the raises would not come automatically.

The Baltimore teachers could also qualify for promotions鈥攖he equivalent of lane increases鈥攐nly by passing an in-depth review of their teaching, conducted partly by other teachers.

Both the Pittsburgh and Baltimore plans have attracted national attention because they were advanced as part of a collective bargaining agreement. They suggest that collective bargaining can serve as a vehicle for rather than an obstacle to reform proposals, an idea advanced by the president of the American Federation of Teachers, Randi Weingarten. The AFT is the parent union of affiliates representing teachers in both Pittsburgh and Baltimore.

The new pay systems also offer insights into the challenges that await districts considering similar reforms.

Devilish Details

Eagle County鈥檚 plan, launched in 2001, has experienced its share of setbacks, including difficulties adopting the model in high schools and a major turnover in district-level staff members in 2007. At one point, officials organized a committee of community members, district employees, and teachers鈥� association staff members to decide whether to revert to a traditional salary schedule.

But 鈥渢he vote was unanimous to keep moving forward, to not go back to a lockstep salary schedule, and not go back to independent teacher practice,鈥� Ms. Wodlinger recalled.

The committee ultimately oversaw a number of changes. It dropped a system of rewarding individual teachers based on student test scores, after difficulties arose in making the links. And the district also restored the master鈥檚-degree pay premium, for reasons as much philosophical as practical.

鈥淚t鈥檚 really a challenge to say you don鈥檛 value master鈥檚 degrees when you鈥檙e in the education field,鈥� said Mike Gass, the district鈥檚 executive director of student services and innovative programs.

Individual accountability in the 11,000-student Harrison district is balanced by choices. There, teachers have the option of meeting the individual-achievement component of the evaluation in different ways, using both student assessments and projects graded according to specified guidelines.

Officials in both districts have spent much time revising and updating the evaluation frameworks. In Eagle County, a committee meets biennially to make the framework鈥檚 targets more 鈥渁ctionable鈥� for teachers, Ms. Wodlinger said.

In Pittsburgh, the union will push to include measures of teacher effectiveness beyond standardized-test scores, such as reviews of student work, in the teacher-evaluation framework, the PFT鈥檚 Mr. Tarka said.

Meanwhile, the Baltimore contract hints at the importance of understanding how fast a new pay plan can be devised while maintaining teacher support. Despite being endorsed by the Baltimore Teachers Union, rank-and-file teachers voted down an initial proposal last month. The district and the union have since made only minor revisions to the proposal. Some Baltimore teachers say they are still wary about the lack of detail on such aspects as how evaluations will be made fair and reliable.

鈥淎ll the negotiations in terms of our livelihood was done by people it鈥檚 not going to affect financially, without any real input by the vast majority of teachers,鈥� contended Peter French, a union building representative at a charter school in northeast Baltimore.

The Pittsburgh and Baltimore examples make an intriguing contrast. Current teachers in Pittsburgh get a choice on whether to opt into the new system, which is mandatory only for new hires, while those in Baltimore would not have a choice.

The opt-in, Mr. Tarka said, was carefully thought out. The plan 鈥渋s not being imposed on anyone. Someone who becomes a teacher in Pittsburgh knows there鈥檚 an opportunity to make considerably more money here, but they have considerable expectations for student growth,鈥� he said. 鈥淣o question鈥攏ot only was it an educational strategy, it was also a collective bargaining strategy.鈥�

BTU officials have stepped up their outreach about the Baltimore contract, by hosting meetings to inform building representatives about its features and including more explanatory language in the version sent to members.

District officials in Baltimore are refraining from commenting on the new contract while the teaching force votes.