Corrected: This story was corrected to reflect that the inspections will continue at additional campuses this year.
Includes updates and/or revisions.
A handful of states and universities are piloting British-style inspections to get a better sense of how their teacher-preparation standards are playing out in lecture halls and K-12 classrooms.
It鈥檚 the latest attempt to crack a difficult nut that has generated increasing policy interest: what鈥檚 really happening on the ground in preparation programs and how the training can be strengthened.
Four institutions, two each in New Mexico and Texas, participated this fall in inspections of their elementary education programs, which were conducted with the aid of a British inspectorate, the Tribal Group. Though small in scale, the initiative will expand next year, in what鈥檚 likely to trigger closer scrutiny of U.S. states鈥� ill-understood, frequently obscure processes for approving teacher-preparation programs.
鈥淵ou can read the tea leaves,鈥� said Michael A. Morehead, the dean of the college of education at New Mexico State University, in Las Cruces, which took part in the inspection. 鈥淲ith all of the national rhetoric, there will be much more of an emphasis in the next three to five years on ways to determine whether teacher ed. programs are of appropriate quality.鈥�
Although it鈥檚 early yet, participating universities say they鈥檝e found the inspections, which focus particularly on the quality of instruction in coursework and student-teaching, to be useful.
Four universities have participated in an inspection of their elementary teacher-preparation programs drawn from practices in the United Kingdom:
鈥� Southern Methodist University
鈥� University of Houston
鈥� New Mexico State University
鈥� Eastern New Mexico University
Programs were evaluated in four areas:
Quality of Selection
Picking students who have: earned a GPA of 3.0 or higher, are drawn from the top-third of the college-going population (based on standardized tests), and are representative of the state and districts served by the programs.
Quality of Content and Teaching Skills
Ensuring candidates know the content standards they will teach, are well-versed in scientifically based reading instruction, display classroom-management abilities, and know how to assess students and use data.
Quality of Clinical Placement, Feedback, and Candidate Performance
Choosing and training supervisors who provide feedback to student-teachers for improvement. Other factors include whether programs: ensure candidates demonstrate content knowledge and teaching skills, have an opportunity to practice in high-performing, low-income schools, and鈥攚hen they become newly minted teachers鈥攈elp improve student learning without additional training.
Quality of Program Performance Management
Using rigorous checkpoints to gauge candidate progress, and making improvements to programming based on surveys of principals and candidates and analyses of student-achievement outcomes.
States typically audit their programs every seven years by visiting campuses, examining faculty workloads, and determining whether coursework matches state teaching standards. Approved programs can recommend candidates for a license after they鈥檝e fulfilled all state requirements.
Program approval is often confused with national accreditation. Accreditation is generally a separate, voluntary honor, though it is mandatory for teacher colleges in about a dozen states. (Some states conduct their program-approval reviews in tandem with accreditors, and still others use national accreditation standards for program review but do not require programs to seek accreditation.)
Funding for the pilot inspections came from the National Council on Teacher Quality, a Washington-based advocacy group whose controversial teacher-preparation review project last year deemed most programs subpar. NCTQ President Kate Walsh said that, aside from connecting interested states with the British group, the council hasn鈥檛 been involved in the pilots.
鈥淲e are not conducting the inspections, we don鈥檛 have anything to say about what鈥檚 written, and we鈥檙e not owning the process,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e just wanted to get it going and make sure it鈥檚 done well.鈥�
The Texas and New Mexico education departments asked institutions to volunteer for the pilot, promising not to make the results public. Even then, many were skeptical, given its genesis within the NCTQ.
鈥淲e did have some people who were aghast that we鈥檇 be playing with the enemy, so to speak,鈥� said Robert H. McPherson, the dean of the college of education at the University of Houston. 鈥淏ut the frame I used is that we鈥檒l welcome any reasonable people who want to give feedback on our program, as long as it鈥檚 in the context of a scientific discussion and debate, not one based on ideology and philosophy.鈥�
New Standards
The Tribal Group, an organization based in Bristol, England, that contracts with governments in England and other countries to audit school and university instruction, with the NCTQ, helped develop a slim set of review standards encompassing four main areas. It also trained teams of inspectors for each of the four participating institutions. The inspections focus heavily on gathering evidence鈥攖hrough interviews, visits to courses and student-teaching sites, and discussions with graduates.
鈥淲e moved deliberately away from teaching as performance art and focused on what was happening in these classrooms,鈥� said Edward Crowe, a Washington-based consultant who is overseeing the pilots. 鈥淲ere kids learning? Were students engaged?鈥�
Previously, Mr. Crowe worked at the U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频, where he helped oversee grants for teacher colleges as well as the report cards federal law requires them to submit.
Under the pilot, the reviewers for each program included Mr. Crowe and three educators from each state: current or former principals, teachers, or reading specialists. That composition for review teams is distinct from the prevailing program-approval processes in states, which usually depend on other teacher-educators as reviewers.
Largely, the participating colleges say they valued the feedback.
鈥淭he team was objective. We didn鈥檛 perceive a 鈥榞otcha鈥� mentality in our visit,鈥� said Mr. Morehead of New Mexico State.
In particular, he said he appreciated that inspectors looked at the practices of 14 elementary teachers over a three-day period, a depth of observation that the state review process lacks, he noted.
Added Mr. McPherson: 鈥淚 think it鈥檚 certainly a marked improvement over what the state can do with its limited resources.鈥�
One selling point was that each program designated a representative to be present at the meetings of the inspection team to offer feedback and clarification. As a result, there were few surprises when inspectors鈥� final oral and written reports were delivered, the deans said.
A Costly Approach?
But programs nationwide aren鈥檛 necessarily likely to rush to inspection-based models. The in-depth classroom visits, for one, make the process potentially costlier for programs, Mr. McPherson noted. And the narrower set of standards raised a concern for Mr. Morehead, who said he felt its focus on particular elements of reading instruction came perilously close to vetting curricula.
Nor is it clear whether membership groups will approve.
鈥淚t is not surprising to see that NCTQ wants to ride the wave of renewed interest in accreditation among policymakers and the profession,鈥� said Sharon P. Robinson, the president of the American Association of Colleges for Teacher 91制片厂视频, adding that her organization will 鈥渃arefully observe鈥� and seek members鈥� feedback about the inspections.
Still, interest appears to be building among states. The NCTQ has received a $500,000 grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to subsidize visits to additional campuses this year, and about 10 states are considering hosting them. (The Gates Foundation also underwrites coverage of business topics in 91制片厂视频 Week.)
Other efforts to improve teacher-preparation quality are ongoing, including one related to accreditation.
The Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation, formed by the merger of two former bodies, approved a new, tougher set of expectations in August. Those standards also charge programs with producing evidence that candidates get to practice high-quality teaching.
They will be tested in several programs next year and introduced for all by 2016.
