In a small conference room at a South Minneapolis school, the principal and assistant principal were trying to come up with ways to get a group of eight black boys to be more engaged in school.
The administrators said they were concerned that the 8th graders, whom they described as extremely 鈥渟mart鈥� and potential 鈥渓eaders,鈥� were disconnected from their classrooms and did not think it was 鈥渃ool鈥� to be smart. The administrators wanted to figure out how to get the boys to harness their strengths in a positive way.
They were brainstorming with Michael V. Walker, the director of the Minneapolis school district鈥檚 Office of Black Male Student Achievement. As the lead figure in a district effort focused on its 8,963 black boys, Walker has the job ultimately, of helping close the achievement gap between them and their peers. In the 2014-15 school year African-Americans made up 37 percent of the 35,300-student district, Minnesota鈥檚 largest.
In this city, as in many others, the data show the impetus for this effort. On almost every indicator related to school success, black boys are at, or near, the bottom. Nationwide, black boys are more likely than almost any other demographic slice of the school population to be suspended or expelled from school and to score at the lowest achievement level. They are also less likely to take honors classes or go to college.
Thus, Minneapolis is among a growing number of districts looking to right such imbalances by establishing specialized offices or dedicating staff members to work on equity, diversity, and inclusion. Although many districts were already doing that work, President Barack Obama鈥檚 My Brother鈥檚 Keeper initiative has been a galvanizing force for others, said Michael Casserly, the executive director of the Council of the Great City Schools, which represents the nation鈥檚 largest school districts.
The program is focused on improving educational and employment opportunities for boys of color.
Around the Country
The Oakland, Calif., district was among the first to establish an office of African-American male achievement, and its approach is seen as a model. Other efforts to promote equity among diverse groups are also underway in Orange County schools in Orlando, Fla.; in Wake County, N.C.; Beaverton, Ore.; and Virginia Beach, Va., among other locations.
This yearlong series will examine efforts to recognize and overcome discrimination in schools. View the complete series.
The Minneapolis district鈥檚 office is patterned after Oakland鈥檚. Walker is working here to ensure that students鈥攍ike the 8th graders who were worrying their school administrators鈥攈ave positive role models. They and their parents take an active part in their own education. The office is also ensuring that culturally responsive practices are in place in schools, that parents know who to call if issues arise, and that principals who want to develop programs for black students have a ready resource.
The office started last year under former schools chief Bernadeia Johnson, and has continued with her interim successor, Michael Goar. This school year, it has a proposed $1.2 million budget and is partnering with 12 schools, four each at the elementary, middle, and high school levels.
In those schools, teachers are expected to participate in five professional-development sessions, including ones focused on strategies to engage black male students; how to recognize unconscious bias; and how to be connected to the communities in which they teach.
Changing adult behavior is also an important part of Walker鈥檚 work. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not about fixing the young people,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 about us [adults] changing the way we go about working with young people; us changing how we go about allowing them to be able to make mistakes, and not let that be the end for them.鈥�
Special Curriculum
At the high school and middle school levels, about 110 students are participating in a class called Building Lives Acquiring Cultural Knowledge (BLACK), a five-day-a-week course where they learn about African-American history, literature, and leadership development. One session a week is spent on tutoring and helping the students with other academic work. Students and instructors are all referred to with the honorific 鈥渒ing.鈥�
The class was developed in conjunction with a professor at the University of Minnesota. The district鈥檚 teaching and learning team helped to shape the learning targets for the curriculum.
On a recent day, a group of boys in the class at South High School was preparing for an assignment to interview teachers about their expectations and perceptions of black boys. In a middle school class, students were working on autobiographical essays.
The classes are taught by two black 鈥渃ommunity experts,鈥� a special designation given by the Minnesota Board of Teaching for individuals who are not traditional educators. Having the classes taught by African-American men, Walker said, allows black boys to see teaching as something to which they can aspire, and nonblack students get to see black men in a professional setting.
Simultaneously, the district is working to cut discipline rates. Last year, it entered into a voluntary agreement with the office for civil rights in the U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频 over disparities in how it disciplines black students. According to the OCR, black students made up about 40 percent of the district鈥檚 enrollment in the 2010-11 and 2011-12 school years, but accounted for 74 percent of recorded disciplinary incidents and 78 percent of out-of-school suspensions. There were also disparities in how black and white students were punished for the same infractions.
In September, the district announced that it would eliminate suspensions for students in 1st through 5th grades. Last year, it officially ended suspensions for pre-K-1 students who got into trouble for nonviolent infractions, but the Minneapolis Star Tribune found additional incidents in which such children were sent home. A principal on special assignment is also working with teachers on strategies to reduce discipline referrals.
鈥淲e think it鈥檚 important to recognize that [inequity] exists, and begin to acknowledge it, and begin to tackle that issue directly, and that鈥檚 why we created Michael鈥檚 office: to acknowledge it, and also give opportunities to talk about the positive things about our black males,鈥� said Goar. 鈥淏ecause the narrative is singular in nature, which is, if you are a black boy, you are going to go to jail, you鈥檙e going to fail, or you鈥檙e going to get suspended. We want to change the narrative.鈥�
For Walker, the job was a natural fit. An assistant principal upon his appointment, he had developed programs for at-risk young people as the youth-development director at the YMCA of the Greater Twin Cities. He spent the first days on the job asking the community鈥攑eople at barbershops, hair salons, and malls鈥攁bout their experiences with the school system and what they wanted from the office.
What he heard was that black boys felt there was a double standard in how they were disciplined at school. They spoke about racism and stereotypes, and that they felt that some teachers didn鈥檛 expect much from them. Parents told him they did not think educators were fair when dealing with black boys. Educators didn鈥檛 believe they had all the tools necessary to help black boys to be successful, he said.
There are not a lot of data yet to show if the programs are working, Walker said. Anecdotally, he points to a drop in disciplinary incidents, increased attendance, and positive engagement for the students who participated in a pilot of the BLACK classes last year.
Helen Hunter, a single mother of four, said that she appreciates what the classes are doing to help her two boys, Glen, 14, and Glentrel, 13.
Given the grim statistics for black students, programs specifically aimed at 鈥渂alancing the scale for African-American children鈥� were overdue, she said. 鈥淭here was nothing celebrating what they were doing, but so many things looking at what they were not doing,鈥� she said.
For his part, Glentrel said his 鈥渒ings鈥� looked out for him. They worked together in groups, encouraged each other to do homework, attend classes, and stay on task, and called out each other on behaviors they thought were unbecoming.
鈥淗opefully, we鈥檒l see some results,鈥� said Walker. 鈥淲e鈥檒l see it getting better. We鈥檒l see it changing.鈥�
