A nation full of students who enjoy mathematics and feel confident in the subject is not necessarily a nation that scores high on international math tests, a report being released this week concludes.
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The report from the Brookings Institution suggests, in fact, that the so-called 鈥渉appiness factor鈥� in math may be inversely related to achievement. In countries where students express high levels of math confidence and enjoyment, it says, students tend to score below average on international math exams in 4th and 8th grades, and vice versa.
Students in the United States are among the world鈥檚 happiest, though their average scores are higher than those for most countries that rate strongly on the 鈥渉appiness鈥� scale.
鈥淚鈥檓 not trying to say we should go out and destroy kids鈥� confidence,鈥� said Tom Loveless, the author of the annual report and the director of the Brown Center on 91制片厂视频 Policy at the Washington think tank. 鈥淲hat鈥檚 clear from these findings is happiness is not everything. Our national obsession with student happiness over academic content may, in fact, be hurting our children when considered in an international context.鈥�
Other scholars, though, saw less cause for concern in the findings for American students.
鈥淲e鈥檙e scoring above the international average with kids who like math,鈥� said David C. Berliner, an education professor at Arizona State University in Tempe. 鈥淭hat suggests we鈥檙e producing enough high-level math students to meet the needs of our economy.鈥�
Mr. Loveless based his conclusions on 2003 results from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, or TIMSS, which tested 4th graders from 25 countries and 8th graders from 46 countries. He compared the test scores with students鈥� responses to questions gauging their confidence in and enjoyment of math, and teachers鈥� ratings of the extent to which they made math lessons relevant to real life鈥攕trands that Mr. Loveless calls the 鈥渉appiness factor.鈥�
Sad in Singapore?
Of the 10 countries where 8th graders scored highest on average for confidence in their mathematical abilities, only two鈥擨srael and the United States鈥攕cored above average for achievement. More than 40 percent of students in Egypt, Ghana, Israel, and Jordan said that they usually do well in math; students in all of the countries but Israel fell below the international average. The United States, where 22 percent of 8th graders expressed the same level of confidence, ranked ninth.
The bottom 10 countries in self-confidence, on the other hand, include some of the world鈥檚 highest-achieving nations in 8th grade mathematics鈥擲ingapore, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea.
Even the least confident 8th graders in Singapore, on average, outscored the most confident American students on an international math test.
*Click image to see the full chart.
Note: Data refer only to 8th grade.
SOURCE: TIMSS 2003 User Guide
That pattern was the same, according to Mr. Loveless, among 4th graders and for questions gauging students鈥� enjoyment of math. Mr. Loveless could find no relationship, though, between math achievement and the degree of relevance in students鈥� math lessons.
Yet, within countries, the data showed the opposite pattern occurred: The happiest, most confident students were those with the highest test scores.
Mr. Loveless said that paradox may be due partly to differences in how cultures define success. It could also be explained, he said, by what researchers have dubbed the 鈥渇rog-pond effect.鈥� In other words, students may measure their own abilities against those of their peers.
鈥淎 lot of American kids think they鈥檙e good in math, and they may be good in the United States,鈥� said Mr. Loveless. 鈥淏ut if they went to another country, their perceptions may change.鈥�
The 29-page report also examines claims that the federal No Child Left Behind Act is prompting states to exaggerate the gains their students are making on state reading tests.
For that part of his study, Mr. Loveless compared five to seven years of data from state tests with states鈥� 4th and 8th grade scores on the National Assessment of 91制片厂视频al Progress, a federal program that periodically tests representative samples of students within states and nationwide. While the state-test scores are higher on average than the NAEP scores, the analysis showed, the gains they report vary by grade level and are not steep enough for states to meet federal targets by 2014, as the law requires.
鈥淭here鈥檚 no clear evidence,鈥� Mr. Loveless concluded, 鈥渢hat states before or after NCLB did anything different.鈥�
