An award-winning, publicly funded digital learning game that asks middle school students to assume the role of a black slave in 1800s America is prompting debate about when and how to employ the power of interactive technology to teach about painful eras of history.
In Mission US: Flight to Freedom, players inhabit the fictional character of Lucy King, a 14-year-old girl who is attempting to escape the Kentucky plantation where she and her family are enslaved. The free, Web-based game asks students to make choices that affect the game鈥檚 trajectory, within the historical realities of 1848.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 know that you can really channel the rape, murder, and mutilation of slavery into a game,鈥� said Rafranz Davis, a K-12 instructional technology specialist. She is leading an online and social-media campaign to get the game withdrawn from schools, pending further review.
鈥淚鈥檓 not against gaming. I鈥檓 against the way this was done,鈥� said Ms. Davis, a former high school teacher who works in the 64,000-student Arlington, Texas, school district.
Mission US has nearly 1 million registered users, according to WNET, the New York City public-television station that produces and distributes the online series. The game includes four 鈥渕issions,鈥� each of which explores a different era of U.S. history.
鈥淥ur goal [with 鈥楩light to Freedom鈥橾 is for all students to develop a greater respect for African Americans鈥� struggle and African American history as a part of American history,鈥� Kellie Castruita Specter, WNET鈥檚 senior director of communications and marketing, said in a statement. 鈥淎lthough we regret to hear that some people have found the game to be problematic, we stand by it.鈥�
Experts on American slavery and 鈥渞acial literacy鈥� consulted by 91制片厂视频 Week said they welcomed the potential for digital games and other new-media formats to help students explore even the most troubling chapters of the nation鈥檚 history鈥攊f such games can be used in ways that don鈥檛 simply reflect and repeat the deep-rooted problems inherent in some traditional classroom methods.
Mission US is one of a growing number of 鈥渟erious games鈥� that aim to put users in real-world situations and to simulate the challenges of solving big problems or understanding complex processes.
Other examples include:
>> EVOKE, a 10-week 鈥渃rash course in changing the world鈥� that debuted in 2010. Users in this social-network game developed by the World Bank Institute and the prominent game developer Jane McGonigal tackle big issues, such as food security, sustainable energy, and gender inequality.
>> The Migrant Trail, a single-player simulation game released this month and modeled after The Oregon Trail, a wildly popular educational game during the 1980s. Users assume the role of undocumented immigrants or border-patrol agents on the U.S.-Mexican border, with the goal of better understanding both groups鈥� circumstances and motivations. The game is part of a multimedia campaign associated with the film 鈥淭he Undocumented.鈥�
>> Papers Please, a 鈥渄ystopian document thriller鈥� by independent game developer Lucas Pope. Players assume the role of an immigration inspector charged with controlling the flow of people into a fictional communist state after the end of a long war.
>> This War of Mine, a war simulation from an independent game developer, 11 bit studios. Players portray not soldiers, but citizens trying to survive amid snipers, food shortages, and other crises. The game is inspired by the 1992-96 siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War.
鈥淲e鈥檙e already teaching slavery in a way that鈥檚 inaccurate, insensitive, and ahistorical,鈥� said James Braxton Peterson, the director of the Africana studies department at Lehigh University, in Pennsylvania.
鈥淚鈥檓 actually in favor of a more sophisticated, enhanced version of this game,鈥� he said.
Developed With Historians
Mission US was launched by WNET in 2010. Other 鈥渕issions鈥� in the series focus on the experiences of a young American colonist in Boston, a teenage member of the Northern Cheyenne tribe, and a turn-of-the-20th-century Russian immigrant.
According to WNET, the content of Flight to Freedom was crafted by a team of historians from the American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning at the City University of New York Graduate Center, in collaboration with two leading African-American scholars, Nikki Taylor and Christopher Moore.
Ms. Castruita Specter, the station communications director, described the game as an 鈥渋nteractive story about enslaved people鈥檚 resistance to the system of slavery.鈥�
The Mission US series was developed with support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and major funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which in 2010 awarded WNET a $3.3 million grant to create and disseminate the games.
The money from the CPB was part of a larger effort to promote greater knowledge of American history and civics among students by using technology to deliver engaging content, said Michael Levy, the corporation鈥檚 executive vice president and chief strategy officer. Of the CPB鈥檚 total grant to WNET, $786,163 went to the development of Flight to Freedom, Mr. Levy said.
鈥淔or three years, this game has received nothing but uniform high praise,鈥� he said. 鈥淲e couldn鈥檛 be happier with the outcome.鈥�
Indeed, the Mission US series, which is accompanied by extensive curricular materials and has primary-source documents embedded within its games, has won numerous awards, including the prestigious Minister of Foreign Affairs award from the Japan Prize Foundation, which recognizes scientific and technological contributions that promote peace, in 2013.
The game was also highly rated by Common Sense Media, a San Francisco-based nonprofit whose Graphite website aims to help educators make better decisions about classroom technology.
Until last month, the organization鈥檚 official review of the game read: 鈥淧arents need to know that Mission US: Flight to Freedom is an age-appropriate, but realistic depiction of life for an African American teenage girl living in the pre-Civil War period. Kids will experience what it鈥檚 like to be ordered around by a master, leave family behind to run for freedom, and have to make difficult decisions.
鈥淪ome children might find the game experience to be intense,鈥� the review continues. 鈥淭here is emotional trauma throughout the story. ...鈥�
Common Sense Media officials, however, took down the review following complaints from educators and activists who believe the game is inappropriate and offensive.
鈥淲e understand the sentiment that has been expressed about Flight to Freedom, and as a result, we are evaluating whether our review warrants an update to convey the most accurate and current information to our users,鈥� a Common Sense Media spokeswoman said in an emailed statement.
Common Sense Media has also deleted a reference to the game from a blog post published earlier this year that included Flight to Freedom as one of a number of apps and games that teachers could use to 鈥渃elebrate Black History Month.鈥� That post was how Ms. Davis, who is black, first became aware of the game, she said.
鈥淚 felt the pit of my stomach drop,鈥� Ms. Davis said. Her great-great grandmother and great-grandfather, she said, are among her ancestors who endured the horrors of slavery.
鈥淭he idea of putting children in that place, thinking of my children, ... I just said: 鈥楾his is where I draw the line. This is not OK,鈥� 鈥� she said.
Ms. Davis and other critics contend that Flight to Freedom鈥檚 interactive-game format minimizes the atrocities associated with the enslavement of millions of people over 245-plus years; that the game鈥檚 content is historically unbalanced by not giving equal attention to those who owned slaves or otherwise benefited from the institution of slavery; and that playing the game may be emotionally and psychologically traumatic for children, particularly students of color.
Questions about using games and simulations to teach about genocide and other historical horrors are not new.
Ms. Davis and other critics point to Freedom!, a late-20th-century computer game with a narrative arc similar to Flight to Freedom鈥檚 that was developed by the creators of the popular Oregon Trail franchise. That game was eventually pulled from the market. Even so, it prompted a lawsuit by parents of an 11-year-old black student who said their son was humiliated by his peers when the game was used in his classroom. The suit was eventually dismissed.
The Anti-Defamation League has also cautioned against using simulation activities, online or otherwise, to teach about the Holocaust.
New Medium, Old Problem
WNET, however, described Flight to Freedom as 鈥減art of a growing body of 鈥�serious games鈥� that immerses users in historical and contemporary problems in ways that encourage perspective-taking, discussion, and weighing multiple kinds of evidence.鈥�
While the game does not cover 鈥渁ll the ills of slavery,鈥� the station said in a statement, it does tell 鈥渦gly truths,鈥� including 鈥渢he work regimen of enslaved people, the inhumanity of bondage, the cruelty of abuse, the destruction to families, the physical consequences of disobedience, [and] the impact of psychological damage.鈥�
It also aims to 鈥渉umanize enslaved people鈥� and portray 鈥渆nslaved African-Americans with agency and personal power,鈥� according to the statement.
Howard Stevenson, a professor of urban education and Africana studies at the University of Pennsylvania, said he liked the concept of Flight to Freedom, but wants to ensure that educators using the game are skilled at helping students navigate the 鈥渞acial trauma鈥� they may experience.
鈥淯sually, it鈥檚 a feeling almost like a rejection of who I am as a person,鈥� Mr. Stevenson said. 鈥淭here needs to be a place where you can feel that sense of hurt and get it out.鈥�
Unfortunately, Mr. Stevenson said, many educators lack the sensitivity and skills to help their students do that. But that problem is not unique to the use of digital games, he said.
Mr. Peterson, the Lehigh University professor, agreed. 鈥淭here are young black children all over the country having alienating experiences in the classroom when reading [about] Huck Finn and Harriet Tubman,鈥� he said. 鈥淭he critique here should be leveled at how we teach slavery, period.鈥�
