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There are countless examples of web-based tools challenging the need for hardware devices: VCRs, CD players, and fax machines鈥攁ll once commonplace鈥攈ave been relegated to the backs of many closets and garage sale piles.

The same potential threat is now facing a device once considered indispensable to secondary math teachers: the hand-held graphing calculator.

One company in particular is upending the market: Desmos, a San Francisco-based startup, has created a that works across devices and browsers and, perhaps most enticingly, is free for teachers and students. That means schools and parents are starting to think twice before paying between $60 and $175 for the hand-held calculators that have long been a staple in algebra classes.

Proponents of hand-held calculators quickly counter that web-based tools are far from cost-free: In addition to purchasing hardware, such as tablets and laptops, schools need to pay for information-technology support and reliable broadband to use those tools.

Recently, the Smarter Balanced testing group announced that it was into its online math assessments鈥攁 move that Desmos officials say other major testing companies are considering as well. 鈥淭he old hand-held devices are sort of entrenched because they鈥檝e been institutionalized in standardized testing and curriculum in a very serious way,鈥� said Doug Ensley, deputy executive director at the Mathematical Association of America. 鈥淲hat Desmos is doing is loosening that grip.鈥�

For now, that grip seems sturdy: Hand-held calculators still have quite a heavy presence in secondary math classrooms. And many teachers say that until the college-entrance exams, mainly the SAT and ACT, make the switch to online calculators, there鈥檚 no getting away from practicing with the hand-helds in class.

Desmos has openly made Texas Instruments, the company that鈥檚 for nearly 30 years, the target of its disruption efforts.

鈥淚t was amazing technology when it came out,鈥� Eli Luberoff, the CEO of Desmos, said of the TI80 calculators, which debuted in 1990. 鈥淢y beef is it just hasn鈥檛 improved in cost or quality or usability since.鈥�

But according to Texas Instruments, the simplicity of the hand-held calculators is part of what makes them a good choice for schools. 鈥淲e only focus on the pieces students need in classrooms,鈥� said Peter Balyta, the president of Texas Instruments 91制片厂视频 Technology. 鈥淲e do that without the many distractions and test-security concerns that come with a smartphone or tablet and the internet.鈥�

More than 90 percent of high school students using graphing calculators are still using hand-held versions, according to third-party research conducted for Texas Instruments, and that hasn鈥檛 changed in the past four years.

According to Balyta, Texas Instruments adds 5 million graphing-calculator users a year. Graphing calculators are a relatively small portfolio item for the Fortune 500 company, which has .

Desmos won鈥檛 release exact numbers, but Luberoff says it has 鈥渕illions of active users every month.鈥�

But the small, young team at Desmos is betting teachers and students aren鈥檛 wedded to those hand-held graphing tools.

Luberoff conceived of what would become Desmos as an undergraduate at Yale University a decade ago. He was tutoring math students in nearby Westport, Conn., and realized 鈥渢hey were still using this outdated technology that I used and that astonishingly they鈥檙e still using today鈥攖he TI84,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 decided to see what browsers could bring to this situation.鈥�

He took a year off from school to work on the software, then returned to major in math and physics in 2009. Two years later, the startup received more than from Mitch Kapor, an entrepreneur who invests in tech startups aimed at narrowing gaps in access for disadvantaged groups, and several other investment groups.

Luberoff now has a team of 17 designers, coders, and math educators on staff, including Dan Meyer, who became a star in the math education world after his 鈥淢ath Class Needs a Makeover鈥� went viral. The group also has 80 teacher 鈥渇ellows,鈥� who are selected through a competitive application process and flown to the Desmos headquarters in San Francisco for training. The fellows test new features in their classrooms and stay in touch with the company to help improve the software. (The fellowship is unpaid, but some participants can end up earning money leading professional-development workshops.)

The Desmos business model is a fairly novel one: The general public can use the online calculator and all its associated features for free. The company charges textbook publishers, such as Pearson and The College Board, to embed its tools.

鈥淪tudents go into that book and have access to our calculator right inside of it,鈥� said Luberoff. 鈥淭here鈥檚 just a button that opens it. There鈥檚 also interactive graphs powered by Desmos鈥� that students can manipulate.

And now the company is making inroads in the assessment world as well. Smarter Balanced, the test aligned to the Common Core State Standards being used in 15 states, including California, will use a secure version of the tool in all its math tests next spring. Smarter Balanced paid $460,000 for a three-year contract with Desmos.

Tony Alpert, the executive director for the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium, said the group is moving to Desmos because it鈥檚 more accessible for students who are blind or visually impaired than hand-held devices. A joint press release from the groups also pointed to the $100 price tag for hand-held calculators as a reason for the switch.

Luberoff says his company is 鈥渋n discussions鈥� with organizations that provide other major tests as well, including the SAT, ACT, and the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers. 鈥淲e talk with everyone,鈥� he said.

Some warn, though, that it鈥檚 misleading to say Desmos is free for schools. 鈥淲hen you look at the cost of hardware like tablets, IT infrastructure, and device management, I don鈥檛 consider it free,鈥� said Balyta of TI. 鈥淭hose costs really add up.鈥�

With state testing now being administered online and more curricula going digital, schools are being asked to make those investments anyway. But that doesn鈥檛 mean the technology is always working when classroom teachers need it.

鈥淩ight now in our school, Wi-Fi is a big bottleneck,鈥� said Samuel Williams, a mathematics teacher at Curtis High School in New York City. Around lunchtime, 鈥淚 can鈥檛 even check the internet. Relying on an app that needs connectivity鈥攜ou鈥檙e out of luck.鈥�

Once Desmos has been downloaded, many of its features can actually be used offline. Meyer, who works as the company鈥檚 chief academic officer, says that can help solve the in-class distraction and potential cheating problems as well. 鈥淎irplane mode and having your phone flat on the desk鈥攖hat鈥檚 probably what I鈥檇 be doing if I were in the classroom right now,鈥� he said.

For their part, TI representatives say there鈥檚 still plenty of classroom interest in the hand-helds. 鈥淚f you鈥檙e asking do we feel that online apps have had an impact on our graphing calculators, I鈥檇 say no,鈥� said TI鈥檚 Balyta. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e being used at the same levels they have been for years.鈥�

Among tech-savvy middle and high school math teachers, there鈥檚 undeniable enthusiasm around what Desmos is trying to do.

At a in San Antonio鈥攊ronically, one with a prominent sponsorship from Texas Instruments鈥攈undreds of educators packed the ballroom for a morning keynote speech by Luberoff on .

Twitter and the K-12 math blogosphere are full of examples of teachers showing off their students鈥� Desmos graphs and proclaiming their love for the tool.

Kristen Fouss, who teaches Integrated Math 3 and precalculus at Anderson High School in Cincinnati, is among the loyal Desmos users. In fact, she and two teacher friends are organizing a free to teach other math educators how to use the online tool. About 200 teachers from across Ohio have signed up to come.

鈥淲e鈥檙e hearing Desmos might be integrated into Ohio鈥檚 state testing and we want to make sure teachers know how to use it,鈥� said Fouss, who recently found out she has been accepted as a Desmos fellow.

That kind of brand loyalty from teachers is notable given that there鈥檚 so much skepticism in the field about efforts to profit from education.

For Fouss, a 20-year veteran, the tool is a good fit because it鈥檚 platform agnostic. 鈥淲e鈥檙e a bring-your-own-device school,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e have iPads, laptops, touchscreen [devices]鈥攅verything across the board. And Desmos works with everything, which is awesome.鈥�

Many teachers note that the basics of what Desmos and a hand-held calculator can do is the same. But there are differences in layout and interactivity. For instance, on Desmos, students can zoom in and out by pinching the screen, similar to what users can do on the Google Maps app.

鈥淲ith Desmos, you can just click where you need on the screen, and it shows you exactly where you want,鈥� said Sophia Godbey, one of Fouss鈥� 10th grade students at Anderson High. 鈥淲ith a graphing calculator, you have to click a whole bunch of buttons just to get one point, and it takes a lot longer.鈥�

There鈥檚 also a feature on Desmos called a slider that allows students to move the value of a variable up and down, causing the graph next to it to update automatically.

鈥淭he fact that students can drag their finger across the screen and change something on the screen, that鈥檚 actually a really effective tool in mathematics,鈥� said Ensley of the Mathematical Association of America. 鈥淓specially for things like calculus, where you鈥檙e using mathematics to describe things that are changing in the real world.鈥� Teachers can also use the many activities on the site or create their own with the activity-builder template. During an activity, they can see students鈥� answers all at once and display them all on the board without names attached.

鈥淚 actually really like it because we can鈥檛 judge anybody for really messing up, but you鈥檙e still able to kind of tell which one is your own,鈥� said Godbey. 鈥淚t鈥檚 really nice to be able to compare your own to everybody else鈥檚 and to the real answer.鈥�

Distractions, though, can be a serious impediment to using online tools like Desmos, some teachers say. 鈥淭he problem for me is you walk around the classroom and five kids are doing it and another 10 are watching NBA highlights on their Chromebook,鈥� said Williams.

Texas Instruments offers for teachers on its website as well. And teachers can connect classroom TI calculators if they have the Navigator system, points out Gail Burrill, an academic specialist in the mathematics education program at Michigan State University, who works as a consultant for Texas Instruments. A retails for about $2,000.

Williams, the Staten Island teacher, said his students have recently started pushing back on what they see as hand-held calculators鈥� outdated interfaces.

鈥淚t鈥檚 just like putting Elvis on the screen and being like, 鈥楲et鈥檚 rock out hip daddy-os!鈥� 鈥� he said."They鈥檙e used to that iPhone touch interface.鈥�

Desmos isn鈥檛 the only free tool with online graphing capabilities鈥攎any teachers are also using interactive online tools from , an Austria-based company. But as some educators note, that program is more geometry-focused and is probably more competitive with the Geometer鈥檚 Sketchpad commercial software than with hand-held graphing calculators.

However, even the most avid proponents of Desmos say they can鈥檛 completely get away from the hand-held calculators. Students still need to learn how to use them because they鈥檙e the only devices allowed, for now, on the SAT and ACT college-entrance exams.

鈥淚 can teach more material with Desmos, but if I don鈥檛 train them to use the TI, they鈥檒l be at a disadvantage on the SAT or ACT,鈥� said Julie Reulbach, an Algebra 2 teacher at Cannon School, a private preK-12 school in Concord, N.C., and a Desmos fellow.

So for now, many teachers say they鈥檙e using both devices. 鈥淚 do specific ACT review once a week, where we鈥檙e on the graphing calculator because I want them to know the keystrokes,鈥� said Fouss. And unless or until the testing tools change, 鈥淚 have to be deliberate about making sure we鈥檙e using both platforms.鈥�