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Summer Brewer鈥檚 first student-teaching experience taught her many things, all learned the hard way.
The teacher she was apprenticed to gave students worksheets for whole class periods and never got up from her desk. By Ms. Brewer鈥檚 fourth day, her mentor was spending most of her time in the teachers鈥� lounge.
鈥淚 was essentially a full-time teacher,鈥� said Ms. Brewer, now a second-year high school English teacher in the Henderson County district, in Tennessee. 鈥淚鈥檓 not sure how [she] still gets student-teachers, unless the principal does it because he knows it鈥檚 the only way any teaching will get done.鈥�
Ms. Brewer鈥檚 second student-teaching placement was, fortunately, far more productive. But her experience is illustrative of an unnerving truth about teacher preparation: All other training notwithstanding, the quality of the guidance and feedback from each candidate鈥檚 classroom mentor can make or break a teacher-candidate鈥檚 student-teaching experience.
With state and national policymakers eyeing ways to improve teacher preparation, a handful of education programs are becoming more intentional about how such 鈥渃ooperating鈥� teachers鈥攁s they鈥檙e known in the lingo of teacher preparation鈥攁re selected and trained. That interest could grow as programs wrestle with the finer points of how to transform student-teaching from a haphazard, sometimes hastily tacked-on experience to the central component of preparation.
The quandary of cooperating teachers is 鈥渁n issue of qualifications, training, and support in the context of a strong partnership with a district,鈥� said James G. Cibulka, the president of the Washington-based National Council for Accreditation of Teacher 91制片厂视频, which commissioned a 2010 report calling for programs to significantly expand and improve their student-teaching.
鈥淢any programs have one or two of those things, but it鈥檚 relatively uncommon to find one with all three,鈥� Mr. Cibulka said. 鈥淭he challenge is really to make this the norm in the field, not perpetuate wide variability in the role mentor teachers play.鈥�
Vetting Mentors
The challenges seem to begin with the selection of cooperating teachers, a process that is often left to districts. Principals typically nominate faculty members as cooperating teachers, or allow teachers themselves to volunteer for the job. And while that can attract the most enthusiastic individuals, it鈥檚 also an opportunity for those whose primary motivation is getting a break from the rigors of daily teaching.
There are other obstacles, too. For cooperating teachers, the rewards for taking on a teacher-candidate are generally paltry, and new teacher-related policies have added wrinkles: A nationwide push to make teacher evaluation more rigorous, sometimes using test scores as a factor, has made teachers hesitant to invite novices into their classrooms, educators say.
This is the first story in an occasional series about improving teacher preparation.
Still, some preparation programs have determined that leaving the choice of supervisors solely up to one party leaves far too much to chance. That鈥檚 the philosophy of the directors of the Denver Teacher Residency, a yearlong, hands-on preparation program that couples slimmed-down coursework requirements with a yearlong classroom apprenticeship.
鈥淲e have to provide our residents with the utmost set of experiences that will allow them to come out of the program and hit the ground running,鈥� said Shannon Hagerman, the director of the residency program, a partnership between the school district and the University of Denver. 鈥淧art of the struggle we face is that if you haven鈥檛 had a solid set of experiences as you鈥檝e been learning to teach, then you set yourself down a path where you鈥檙e always trying to fill or fix or change what you didn鈥檛 get earlier.鈥�
Co-Teaching Model
Picking the best possible cooperating teachers is the first of the program鈥檚 strategies.
Although principal recommendations are still given careful consideration, the Denver residency鈥檚 staff conducts additional interviews to gauge the teachers鈥� ability to coach a novice. The program also looks at their teacher-evaluation ratings and ensures that they are clear about the time commitment and expectations for the job.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a big time commitment and a lot of energy, and some people look at it and say, 鈥楪osh, this just isn鈥檛 the year for me,鈥� 鈥� said Sarah Flanders, one of the field managers who supervises placement sites.
The program then conducts 鈥渟peed dating鈥� sessions so that candidates and their mentors can meet each other before being paired up.
The Denver residency also provides training for the mentors on how to provide feedback in a structured, coaching way. Increasingly, it is building monthly professional-development sessions for the cooperating teachers around the district鈥檚 teacher-evaluation system.
鈥淲e have our residents speaking the same language as the lead teachers,鈥� Ms. Flanders said. 鈥淭he magic is that the tool is not just about evaluations; the lead teachers see it as a professional-development tool.鈥�
Co-Teaching Model
Other initiatives are focusing on ways to cement the relationship between cooperating teachers and their apprentices, ending the traditional 鈥渂aton toss鈥� in which student-teachers spend most of their time either observing, or as in Ms. Brewer鈥檚 experience, being left totally responsible for the classroom.
One such effort, co-teaching, has roots in another discipline altogether: special education.
Co-teaching, in which two educators share the responsibility for planning and delivering instruction, emerged during the push to educate students with disabilities in as inclusive a setting as possible. But it wasn鈥檛 until the teacher education program at St. Cloud State University, in St. Cloud, Minn., began to pilot it for student-teaching that the practice began to grow in popularity for preservice training.
Cooperating teachers and their charges who participate in co-teaching are trained in seven different ways of interacting, which differ depending on the grade level, content, or objective of the lesson.
Sometimes, for instance, they will teach the same lesson to different groups and compare notes later; or, the teacher-candidate will provide enrichment or remediation to a subset of students. At other times, the two educators teach a lesson in tandem. But the core feature is that both educators are actively engaged in planning and teaching, said Teresa Washut Heck, a professor of education at St. Cloud State, who has helped lead the co-teaching work there, with colleague Nancy Bacharach.
Co-teaching has also helped raise the interest among skilled teachers who didn鈥檛 want to mentor candidates in the past because of the fear that they鈥檇 have to leave their classrooms, leading to an overall improvement in the quality of the cooperating teachers. 鈥淲e believe the skills they possess and the attitudes they possess are much better than they were in the past,鈥� Ms. Bacharach said.
Prior to using the co-teaching approach, Andrea Coulter, a veteran elementary teacher in the St. Cloud district, was told to exit the room when her candidate was supposed to be in charge of the classroom, something she said 鈥渏ust didn鈥檛 feel right.鈥�
鈥淎ll my expertise, money, and time was being wasted. It just became more of an ethics question for me,鈥� said Ms. Coulter, recalling how she鈥檇 peek through the door to get a sense of what was going on with her students.
But under the co-teaching model, Ms. Coulter鈥檚 current student-teacher, Kelsey Frost, is indistinguishable from other faculty members at the school. Her name is on the classroom door, along with Ms. Coulter鈥檚. She attends the elementary school鈥檚 faculty meetings and plans out each week鈥檚 lessons with Ms. Coulter, determining how best to share the classroom.
The two women attend co-teaching training at St. Cloud State together, building a relationship so that as Ms. Frost tries new ideas and techniques, Ms. Coulter can reinforce them, build on them, or step in, if necessary.
For Ms. Frost, the experience is markedly different from previous fieldwork, when she was expected to grade papers rather than take charge of a significant portion of instruction. For one, she said, students respond to her as a teacher with classroom authority, not as a guest.
鈥淚鈥檝e learned more in the last few weeks than in all of my years being in an education classroom,鈥� Ms. Frost said. 鈥淲e expect when candidates graduate that they are professionals and ready to teach. But if you want to have experienced first-year teachers, you need to give them an experience.鈥�
Limited Access
Although all St. Cloud State teacher-candidates are trained in co-teaching, not every candidate at the university, which prepares about 400 teachers a year, practices it as part of his or her student-teaching. Ms. Heck said co-teaching declined somewhat after a $5 million federal investment, provided through a grant program in the Higher 91制片厂视频 Act, dried up, hindering efforts to subsidize training for cooperating teachers. But the university is trying to re-energize the practice, with help from the Bush Foundation, of St. Paul, Minn.
St. Cloud State has also created an Academy for Co-Teaching and Collaboration to respond to great interest from other educators. Representatives of 160 other teacher colleges have participated in a two-day training workshop provided by Ms. Heck and Ms. Bacharach, the academy鈥檚 directors, on how to launch a program.
Observers say that the lack of coordination between districts and teacher-preparation programs also contributes to disparate selection and training of cooperating teachers.
鈥淵ou have to build a program where schools want your students,鈥� said Kathryn B. Chval, the associate dean of the University of Missouri鈥檚 education school, in Columbia. 鈥淥therwise, I think it鈥檚 really hard.鈥�
One of the University of Missouri鈥檚 initiatives to that end is to better link the support offered teacher-candidates with professional development for teachers in their first year鈥攁n unusual effort in a field where those two functions are generally separated. It works in a partnership with 22 districts called the Partnership for 91制片厂视频al Renewal. Membership is competitive, and there is a waiting list to join.
For those partners, MU offers a Teaching Fellowship Program. It pays for release time for a practicing classroom, or mentor, teacher, to support first-year teachers who take part in a special master鈥檚 degree program. The mentor teacher receives training through the university to coach and provide professional development within the school district. Typically, each mentor teacher spends about a third of her time supporting the fellows, and another third supporting the University of Missouri鈥檚 undergraduate teacher-candidates and their own cooperating teachers.
The district pays for the difference between the first-year teachers鈥� salaries and the cost of the master鈥檚 degree tuition, which essentially allows a participating school system to get two teachers for the price of one.
Partnerships Vital
Since the program began in 1995, more than 91 percent of the fellows have stayed in the district, and many of the fellows ultimately go on to serve as cooperating teachers for other undergraduates, Ms. Chval said.
The University of Missouri is also experimenting with other ideas in one low-income elementary school. Student-teachers there are placed in cohorts, teach four days each week, rather than the traditional three, engage in co-teaching, and have access to two of the master鈥檚 fellows.
And working in the partnership has also emboldened some of the participating districts to demand changes. At least one district, for instance, now asks for student-teachers who get a year in its schools, as all the University of Missouri鈥檚 elementary candidates do.
鈥淚f we鈥檙e going to do this on a national scale, you鈥檝e got to think about coordination and working with district partners鈥� to support both student-teachers and their mentors, said Ms. Chval. 鈥淚t can鈥檛 be universities sending candidates out into these schools and hoping it all works out OK.鈥�
