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A vote by the Chicago school board to shutter nearly 50 public schools in a single year sharply underscores a challenge several U.S. cities are being forced to address: how to balance the shaky economics of urban education against the needs of poor and minority communities.
In Chicago, members of the mayorally appointed board of education late last month approved closing 47 elementary schools, nearly all of them on the city鈥檚 impoverished south and west sides, at the end of the current academic year. (Two other elementary schools will close next school year.) No other major American city has closed down so many schools in a single year.
Mayor Rahm Emanuel, who controls the city school system, said the large-scale closures are critical to staving off a looming $1 billion budget deficit and present the best opportunity to direct more resources into schools serving Chicago鈥檚 most disadvantaged students. City officials often cite a loss of 145,000 students in the school system between 2000 and 2010, a figure that critics say is exaggerated because it doesn鈥檛 come from enrollment figures over time, but from U.S. Census data that account for the number of school-aged children, 5 to 19, who live in the city. The district has 600 schools; more than 470 are K-8 elementary campuses.
The closures were approved in the face of fierce resistance from people across the city and followed months of high-profile protests, public hearings, and two federal lawsuits filed by the Chicago Teachers Union. The union filed a third lawsuit last week in state court.
Around the Nation
While the district鈥檚 closures are the most striking, Chicago joins other major cities shutting down large numbers of schools to address shrinking enrollments, tight budgets, and competition from charter schools.
Later this month, Philadelphia public school officials will close down 24 campuses鈥攔epresenting one in every 10 schools in the 145,000-student district鈥攁 number that was scaled way back after a pitched battle with parents, students, and teachers.
The 45,000-student District of Columbia school system will close more than a dozen schools this summer after a federal judge earlier last month declined to block the closures as sought in a lawsuit arguing that the actions would disproportionately affect African-African and Latino students and those with disabilities.
A challenge for districts like Chicago鈥攚here the vast majority of students who will be affected by the closures are African-American鈥攊s a pervasive belief that race and social class play a role in deciding which schools are spared.
It鈥檚 been a particularly thorny issue in Chicago, where black students account for 43 percent of the total enrollment of 403,000, but 88 percent of the students whose schools are being shut down.
鈥淭here is no real model for how to do this,鈥� said Emily Dowdall, a senior associate with the Pew Charitable Trusts, who has studied the impact of school closures in urban centers. 鈥淭he closures usually happen in neighborhoods that are hard hit by population loss, and the school is often the last sign of real, tangible investment in the community.鈥�
Ms. Dowdall said two districts recognized as having had the most success in building public acceptance for closures are the 26,000-student Pittsburgh district, which closed 22 schools in 2006, and the 16,000-student Kansas City, Mo., school system, which closed half its schools over the course of the 2010-11 and 2011-12 school years.
Both used outside experts to guide the closure process and had clear criteria for selected schools, she said.
Discrimination Charged
Sherice McDaniel is a Chicago parent whose son鈥檚 school was spared from closure a day before the final vote. She said parents never stopped demanding to know why Manierre Elementary, with an all African-American student body, would be merged with a school that is as racially isolated and has virtually the same achievement levels, when three other high-performing elementary schools are closer to Manierre鈥檚 North Side neighborhood.
鈥淭hose schools are more diverse, so when you just look at the numbers, and who is being shut down and who isn鈥檛, how do you come to any other conclusion?鈥� she said. 鈥淏lack people feel like the city doesn鈥檛 want them.鈥�
But Chicago officials鈥攅specially Barbara Byrd-Bennett, the district鈥檚 chief executive officer, who is African-American鈥攑ushed back strongly against charges of racial motivation in the school closure process. Black and Hispanic students together constitute 90 percent of the district鈥檚 enrollment.
At the school board meeting last month, Ms. Byrd-Bennett acknowledged the strong emotions that parents, students, teachers, and advocates have expressed. But rejecting the closures, she said, would keep 鈥渢ens of thousands of children trapped in underutilized and underresourced schools.鈥�
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Joshua Radinsky, a public school parent who is also an education professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, said one of the biggest concerns across the city is what will happen to the roughly 2,800 students who are enrolled in special education programs and will be relocated in the fall because of the closures 鈥攁n issue that鈥檚 also been raised in Philadelphia and the District of Columbia.
The pace of the closures will make it virtually impossible for special education students to transition to new school settings without disruption, he said.
鈥淭hey say that on day one, these students will have all the special education services in their new schools,鈥� Mr. Radinsky said.
Ms. Byrd-Bennett, in her testimony before the school board, said that district officials had contacted about 70 percent of the families with special education students affected by the closures, and that care would be given to devising transition plans for students with individualized education programs, or IEPs.
Mr. Radinsky, a member of a research and advocacy organization called Chicagoland Researchers and Advocates for Transformative 91制片厂视频, or CREATE, also doubts that the district will save some $800,000 per year for each school shut down. He believes the system is in financial trouble, but said that previous waves of closures in the city 鈥渉ave not produced a windfall鈥� and the district鈥檚 decision to open more than a dozen new charter schools next school year undercuts its argument that there are too many schools for too few students.
Ms. McDaniel, whose son is in 2nd grade at Manierre, said she is 鈥渋ncredibly relieved鈥� that the school she credits with helping the boy鈥攁 long-delayed speaker who learned to talk after she enrolled him in the school鈥檚 early-childhood program鈥攚ill remain open. For months, she said, she and other parents argued vigorously that the school鈥檚 2-year-old partnership with the Erikson Institute, a graduate school focused exclusively on early-childhood development, was one of several compelling reasons to spare it from closure.
鈥淭hey never seemed to be convinced by what we were telling them and showing them with the school鈥檚 data,鈥� Ms. McDaniel said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 know what changed their minds, but I鈥檓 happy for my son鈥檚 sake and for our community that we will still have our school.鈥�
