Years ago, a friend and colleague cautioned me: 鈥淚f you want to make big demands on people, make sure you provide the support they need to achieve those goals.鈥� Supporters of science education improvement would do well to listen to that advice.
The National Research Council鈥檚 K-12 Framework for Science 91制片厂视频 and the Next Generation Science Standards are designed to drive dramatic rethinking and improvement of science education for all students in the United States. Now decisions at the district, state, and federal levels will determine whether the new standards will promote substantive improvement. The NRC framework and the NGSS embrace three critical ideas: The first鈥攁 political idea鈥攊s that ensuring learning opportunity and quality for all students is not just a local matter, but rather an issue that demands a comprehensive strategy. The second鈥攁 pedagogical idea鈥攊s that orchestration of science learning is a complex undertaking involving well-sequenced student engagement in the practices of scientists and engineers in the context of investigating core disciplinary ideas and making meaningful connections across disciplines. The third鈥攁 civic idea鈥攊s that science learning has an essential role in supporting informed and reasoned democratic participation.
Advocates for improvement in science and engineering learning should heed lessons learned from the cascading conflicts surrounding the Common Core State Standards. So far, the rollout of the NGSS has avoided the pitfalls associated with the common core. In that light, several observations about the science standards are in order:
鈥� The NGSS development process has been open and transparent. It has avoided the perception of an exclusionary development process and connection to commercial interests or political agendas. It should remain so and continue to be open to critique and refinement.
鈥� State adoption has been voluntary and not leveraged by promises of access to federal funds in the midst of a budget crisis. Heavy-handed linkage to other policies, such as value-added teacher evaluation and compensation systems, will doom the potential for improvement.
鈥� The guiding premises of the framework and the NGSS are already widely embraced, but still not widely implemented or supported with resources. Adoption at the state and district levels will spur improvement only by avoiding prescriptive overspecification, while providing sufficient time and resources.
So far, 12 of the 26 states (and the District of Columbia) originally committed to have signed on. This may be a good-news/bad-news signal. The absence of federal pressure may mean that there will be no headlong national rush to the consequential assessments that have undermined thoughtful consideration, testing, and revision of the common-core standards, which cover English/language arts and math. Alternatively, the slow pace of the science standards鈥� adoption suggests that careful planning for systemic improvement of science education may be put off for too many years. That would delay the curriculum development and professional discourse critical to rigorous testing and evidence-based refinement.
Fortunately, earlier this year, the National Research Council鈥檚 Board on Testing and Assessment released a thoughtfully developed report with recommendations, which if embraced by states and districts, can move improvements forward. The report highlights three roles for assessment: classroom assessments, which are designed to inform instructional decisionmaking, planning, and grading; monitoring assessments, to audit student learning over time; and indicators that evaluate the effectiveness of science instructional programs and the equity of students鈥� opportunity to learn science.
The defining characteristics of the board鈥檚 are research-based confidence and optimism mediated by realism and refreshing humility about the challenges of successful implementation. Just before describing their formal recommendations, the authors write: 鈥淗owever, we acknowledge the challenge of this new approach to assessment and building assessment systems. Implementing the recommended new approaches will require substantial changes, and it will take time. For the changes to be fully realized, all parts of the education system鈥攊ncluding curriculum, instruction, assessment, and professional development鈥攚ill need time to evolve. Thus, a key message is that each step needs to be taken with deliberation.鈥�
Five other state actions will enable the nation鈥檚 science teachers to embrace rather than ignore or rebel against the Next Generation Science Standards.
First, states should resist the temptation to tinker with the standards. It is surely not a perfect document, but second-guessing on the front end will most likely turn us back to where we have been rather than advancing new ideas. Some of the framework鈥檚 topic placements challenge current conceptions about when students are able to grasp certain concepts. Therefore, teachers will need freedom to try new ideas without the threat of a punitive evaluation.
Second, states should interpret NGSS performance standards as they were intended鈥攅xamples of what integration of the three framework strands and incorporation of engineering might look like in practice. If we remember that the performance standards are not specifications for particular assessment items or learning activities, than it will be possible to respect teachers鈥� expertise and autonomy. Flexibility will enable the experimentation needed to develop instructional strategies, curricular materials and assessments, and the research required to determine relative effectiveness.
Third, states that adopt the standards must declare a moratorium on high-stakes science testing. Anything less will undermine implementation and violate all the board鈥檚 cautions.
Fourth, from an accountability perspective, it is important to recognize two characteristics of the new science standards. They represent a new learning sequence in which understanding builds over a child鈥檚 entire K-12 educational experience. Therefore, quick achievement of its expectations for students at all grade levels is unrealistic. That will take time. However, the formative classroom and monitoring features of assessment will, if implemented deliberately and carefully as recommended by the board, provide valuable daily and periodic benchmark evidence of progress. In addition, some of the standards stretch current ideas about concepts students are able to master at particular grade levels. These aspirational expectations require teachers to adopt a practical, action-oriented research perspective. The monitoring feature of assessment, if not distorted by consequential testing at the individual teacher level, will yield valuable evidence for adjustments to instructional practice, curriculum, testing, and refinement of the standards themselves.
Fifth, federal, state, and district policymakers should give first priority to ensuring equity and adequacy of resources and long-term sustained professional development. Funds should be allocated on a noncompetitive basis and in ways that mitigate current resource inequities. We do not need a science Race to the Top that consumes states鈥� time and resources and results in few winners and many losers.
Several years ago, I led a National Science Foundation-funded research project that investigated the impact of embedded formative-assessment strategies. On one occasion, I was working with a group of 4th grade teachers who were examining samples of student work.
One teacher said, 鈥淵ou know, this was much easier last year.鈥�
鈥淲hy?鈥� I inquired.
鈥淚 knew less,鈥� she replied.
Even though the work was new, time-consuming, and challenging, the project鈥檚 teachers embraced the complexity of inquiry-based science, making sense of student thinking and providing formative feedback to students. They did not write the curriculum we were using, nor did they invent the assessment tasks. However, they became invested in and committed to the work because it was risk-free. Crucially, the teachers were engaged members of a community of peers with the time to think and share ideas. They had the space to try, to err, and to try again.
This is the only way in which the Next Generation Science Standards will be successful as a catalyst for improvement in science literacy in the United States.
