Every so often, a piece of research comes along that spurs people to action. Such was the case, scholars say, with a 1995 study of the Big Brothers Big Sisters youth-mentoring program.
After 18 months in the program, the study found, the 鈥渓ittle brothers and sisters鈥� were half as likely as their nonparticipant peers to try drugs or skip classes, and only one-third as likely to use alcohol.
The results, which were embraced by a legion of philanthropists and politicians, helped jump-start a nationwide movement to recruit volunteer mentors for troubled children. Experts estimate that 3 million young people in the United States are now involved in a formal one-to-one mentoring relationship鈥攁 threefold increase since 1995.
Now, however, a pair of researchers contends the enthusiasm for youth mentoring is outpacing the research base on how best to nurture productive, lasting bonds between mentors and the young people they鈥檙e matched with.
鈥淥verall, the field has been devoting more attention to quantity than quality,鈥� said one of the researchers, David L. DuBois, who has criticized the emphasis on rapidly expanding the number of mentorships. 鈥淭his is not to blame the practitioners in the field, because funders and policymakers are putting pressure on them by saying: 鈥楬ere鈥檚 finally something that works, so we鈥檙e going to fund it. But we want you to do it on a large scale, because we care about reaching large numbers of young people.鈥� 鈥�
The trend is worrisome, experts say, because studies show that more than half of mentoring matches fizzle within six months.
Failed Pairings Can Cause Harm
When that happens, studies show, the children can end up feeling worse than if they had never had a mentor, said Jean E. Rhodes, a psychology professor at the University of Massachusetts Boston who has studied those aftereffects. With Mr. DuBois, a professor of community-health sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago, she wrote a research review this past summer that voiced concern about the proliferating programs.
Robert C. Granger, the president of the William T. Grant Foundation, a New York City-based philanthropy that supports research aimed at improving young people鈥檚 lives, said the idea that such collapsed relationships can actually harm children is relatively new. 鈥淚 think people believed for a long time if a relationship didn鈥檛 last very long, it was unlikely to have an effect,鈥� he said.
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What Ms. Rhodes, Mr. Dubois, and other scholars fear is that the push to increase mentors鈥� ranks has caused programs to lower their requirements for volunteers and spawned new kinds of mentoring configurations about which researchers know very little鈥攕chool-based programs, for example, or group mentoring, workplace programs, and so-called e-mentoring, which occurs online.
The greatest expansion is occurring among school-based programs. Once rare, such relationships now account for around half of all mentoring matches nationwide and half of those that the Philadelphia-based Big Brothers Big Sisters organization sponsors.
鈥淚n some respects, it鈥檚 easier to go to an organizational partner like a high school, so they can cooperate with us in getting volunteers,鈥� said Joseph Radelet, the vice president for mentoring programs at BBBS. Adding to that advantage, experts said, schools offer safe, neutral, structured environments where mentors and young people can meet.
The problem is that such relationships rarely last as long as research indicates they should. Michael J. Karcher, a researcher at the University of Texas at San Antonio who has been studying school-based mentoring programs in that area, has found that only 5 percent to 10 percent of participants in school-based partnerships pair up again for a second school year.
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For instance, Mr. Karcher recalled that the students whom he himself mentored were sometimes nowhere to be found.
鈥淚n school-based mentoring, mentors show up at school, and the kid is skipping class,鈥� he said. 鈥淲ith community-based programs, you can call the parent, and that parent will make sure the kid is there.鈥�
Studies of traditional community-based mentoring programs suggest that the biggest gains for young people don鈥檛 come until they鈥檝e been involved in a one-to-one mentorship for at least a year. At Big Brothers Big Sisters, Mr Radelet said, the community-based matches endure an average of 22 months, while the school-based matches typically last just 10 months.
鈥淲e鈥檙e focusing quite a bit now on how we can increase the length of the school-based matches,鈥� said Mr. Radelet.
He said his organization also relies on research to match children with appropriate mentors, choosing adults, for instance, who are confident they can be effective and who are sensitive to the economic challenges their young partners face at home.
Ms. Rhodes said she is also skeptical of the rise in school-based programs because it comes as schools are being pressed to raise students鈥� academic scores. She fears that educators see the volunteers as 鈥渁djunct tutors鈥� for struggling students. 鈥淭hen you鈥檝e changed the intervention from something sort of aimed at psychosocial development to academic development,鈥� she said.
Mr. Karcher鈥檚 studies of San Antonio-area schoolchildren show that mentor matches are most successful when the volunteers spend less time on academics and more time playing games or talking to students about their families and friends.
Just Showing Up
That鈥檚 been the experience, too, of Robert J. LeBlanc, who has mentored boys in the San Antonio area for 11 years through the nonprofit Communities in Schools program there.
鈥淚 always ask, 鈥楬ow are your grades? Do you need help with homework?鈥� 鈥� said Mr. LeBlanc, an electronics engineer. 鈥淚f he says no, that鈥檚 the end of the discussion. For some of these kids, the most important thing is having somebody show up.鈥�
Yet Mr. Karcher, an associate professor of education, is more optimistic about school-based programs than other researchers are. He said that鈥檚 because many such programs pair high school students with younger children, leading to gains in self-esteem and more connectedness to school for both participants.
鈥淗ow often do high school students get to have somebody idealize them?鈥� he said. The trick, he added, is to avoid overcommitted 鈥渃heerleader types鈥� and select volunteers who are involved in fewer school activities and stand to benefit more from the arrangement.
Mr. Karcher鈥檚 study is a three-year project involving 300 students in grades 5-12, half of whom were randomly assigned to the Communities in Schools mentoring program.
Another group of researchers from Public/Private Ventures, a nonprofit organization based in Philadelphia, is wrapping up a randomized study involving school-based mentoring efforts run by Big Brothers Big Sisters in 10 cities. Other studies are analyzing the informal connections that young people in rural areas strike up with adults.
And the federal government, which has spent $100 million a year since 2004 to underwrite much of the growth in youth-mentoring programs, has launched a study of a wide variety of mentoring programs across the country.
Mr. Granger of the W.T. Grant Foundation, which currently has a $2.25 million portfolio of research grants examining various aspects of mentoring, predicted that the results of those studies could help reverse the disjuncture between knowledge and practice in mentoring.
鈥淚 think that five years from now,鈥� he said, 鈥渨e鈥檒l have a much better understanding of how to choose and support mentors who will actually create close, consistent, and enduring relationships with kids.鈥�
