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The achievement gap between U.S. students and those in other nations鈥攁nd among different groups of students in the United States鈥攊s a significant, long-term drag on the economy, according to a national research group鈥檚 study that seeks to quantify that impact.
The released last week estimates that the nation鈥檚 gross domestic product, or GDP, would have been $1.3 trillion to $2.3 trillion higher in 2008鈥�9 percent to 16 percent of overall GDP鈥攊f the United States had closed the gap on internationally benchmarked tests in recent years.
鈥淭he underrealization of human potential is the equivalent of a permanent recession,鈥� Bryan Hancock, a partner at the research and consulting organization, said at a press briefing in Washington also attended by U.S. Secretary of 91制片厂视频 Arne Duncan. While Mr. Hancock said that gauging the effect of the lagging student achievement on GDP is 鈥渘ecessarily imperfect,鈥� he said it鈥檚 clear that the problem has 鈥渁 profound impact on the overall economy.鈥�
The report, 鈥淭he Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap in America鈥檚 Schools,鈥� studied the effects of four different 鈥渁chievement gaps鈥� on the overall economy.
First, it looked at the difference between the United States as a whole and nations that outscore it on math, science, and reading on the internationally benchmarked Program for International Student Assessment, such as Finland and South Korea.
The report also examined differences in student achievement within various American populations. Those included the gaps between black and Latino students and their white counterparts, the gap between students of different income levels, and the differences in outcomes between similar groups of students educated in different school systems, or regions.
Cost to GDP
The report found that if the gap between the performance of black and Latino students and that of white students in the United States had been closed between 1983 and 1998, the nation鈥檚 GDP as of 2008 would have been between $310 billion and $525 billion higher in 2008 dollars, or 2 percent to 4 percent of GDP.
The results from the gap between students in different socioeconomic circumstances were similar. The researchers found that GDP would have jumped over that period by between $400 billion and $670 billion, or a 3 percent to 5 percent increase of GDP, if that gap was closed.
If the gap between America鈥檚 low-performing states and the rest of the nation were closed, the GDP would rise by $425 billion to $700 billion, or 3 percent to 5 percent of GDP, the report says.
The report hands a compelling argument to those seeking to reshape education policy, said Joel I. Klein, the chancellor of the 1 million-student New York City public school system.
鈥淚t adds a financial urgency to the moral urgency鈥� of improving outcomes for all students, said Mr. Klein, who is also founder of the 91制片厂视频 Equality Project, a national advocacy group. Mr. Klein helped provide guidance on the McKinsey report.
But at least one researcher questioned the study鈥檚 methodology and conclusions, even while praising its focus on improving outcomes for minorities and children from low-income families.
鈥淭hey鈥檝e used fairly naive approaches to estimating the economic implications,鈥� particularly in making international comparisons, said Henry Levin, a professor of education and economics at Teachers College, Columbia University. 鈥淭his report argues that we鈥檙e down to a science on comparing鈥� the correlation between students鈥� achievement on standardized assessments and their income, he said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 just not a settled area.鈥�
Mr. Levin said standardized tests generally ignore noncognitive factors that can be an equally good, if not better, predictor of future income, such as work ethic and the ability to cooperate with others.
And, he said, the McKinsey report鈥檚 estimates on GDP leave out any expenditures the United States would have to make to improve educational outcomes.
鈥淭hey talk about the benefits, but without any costs,鈥� he said.
But Eric A. Hanushek, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and an adviser on the study, said that 鈥渢here鈥檚 no evidence that producing more cognitive skills鈥� will detract from noncognitive skills.
Mr. Hanushek, a researcher in education and economics, said no one has come up with a good figure for how much money it would cost to close the gap between the United States and foreign nations that outperform it.
鈥淲e just don鈥檛 have a good estimate on the cost side,鈥� he said. 鈥淲hat it takes is doing things better, as opposed to just putting more money into it.鈥�
