91制片厂视频

Republicans took control of Congress in 1995 promising to change dramatically the federal government鈥檚 role in K-12 education.

Twelve years later, they have done just that, but not in the way they expected.

The conservatives who took charge of the House in 1995 wanted to reduce federal school spending and shrink the U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频鈥檚 influence over local schools, if not abolish the agency altogether.

Instead, Republicans will step out of the majority next month with the department firmly intact, wielding greater power over state and local policy than ever, and with a budget that has risen significantly over the past decade.

鈥淭hese guys wound up in an incredibly different place than where they began,鈥� said Frederick M. Hess, the director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute, a Washington think tank. 鈥淭here were a couple of significant decision points where they went in different directions.鈥�

Those turning points, Mr. Hess and other analysts said in recent interviews, came when Republicans at the highest levels realized that, despite their party鈥檚 victories in the 1994 midterm elections, the conservative agenda for federal education policy was unpopular with voters. The first happened at the end of the GOP鈥檚 first year in control of the House and the Senate, when President Clinton portrayed the Republican agenda as anti-education in a high-profile budget showdown.

Then, in 1996, the GOP presidential nominee, former U.S. Sen. Bob Dole of Kansas, lost to Mr. Clinton while promising to dismantle the 91制片厂视频 Department and make private school vouchers the centerpiece of federal education policy. Polls showed that voters preferred Mr. Clinton鈥檚 education plans to Mr. Dole鈥檚 by a wide margin.

鈥淚t was very clear that education had grown by 鈥�96 to a top-tier issue,鈥� said Patrick J. McGuinn, an assistant professor of political science at Drew University, in Madison, N.J. 鈥淭hat really is the single wake-up call鈥� that caused Republicans to shift their stance.

And it paved the way for the next Republican presidential nominee, Gov. George W. Bush of Texas, to make proposals for a dramatic expansion of the federal government鈥檚 role in overseeing states鈥� academic standards, assessments, and interventions in struggling schools. By the end of 2001, those proposals were adopted with bipartisan support in Congress.

Big Ideas

In 1994, Republicans rode a wave of voter discontent to win simultaneous majorities in the House and the Senate for the first time in 40 years. They have retained control of both chambers for most of the past 12 years; for 19 months in 2001 and 2002, the Democrats held the Senate by a single vote.

When Congress convened in 1995, Republicans were emboldened by their electoral triumph. In the more ideologically driven House, members of the new majority sought to seize the opportunity to scale back the federal presence in K-12 education. Within a month after the elections, the Heritage Foundation, a prominent conservative think tank, had recommended closing the 91制片厂视频 Department and eliminating the Goals 2000: Educate America Act.

The Goals 2000 law was the centerpiece of President Clinton鈥檚 school agenda. It required states to use money under the program to develop academic standards and tests aligned to the standards鈥� content. The Heritage Foundation suggested that the program become a block grant, giving states free rein to finance reform efforts they designed on their own.

House leaders pursued much of the Heritage plan. What鈥檚 more, they targeted education spending as part of an effort to balance the federal budget.

When President Clinton and Republican leaders failed to reach an agreement to appropriate money for most federal agencies for the fiscal year that started Oct. 1, 1995, the government shut down twice in the fall of that year. Mr. Clinton and his aides said they were unwilling to go along with the Republican fiscal policy, usually highlighting the GOP鈥檚 plan to cut federal education spending.

鈥淩epublicans found themselves on the wrong side of American opinion,鈥� said Paul Manna, an assistant professor of government at the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg, Va. 鈥淩ightly or wrongly, a lot of people thought of Republicans as anti-education.鈥�

The perception only intensified, Mr. Manna and Mr. McGuinn said, when in 1996 Republicans adopted a platform based on many of the same ideas for Mr. Dole鈥檚 presidential campaign.

For his book No Child Left Behind and the Transformation of Federal 91制片厂视频 Policy, 1965-2005, Mr. McGuinn interviewed Republicans who had attended a meeting to discuss what went wrong in the 1996 election. That meeting included then-Gov. Bush of Texas. One significant conclusion was that voters didn鈥檛 like the Republican education agenda.

鈥淭hat was kind of a nail in the coffin for attempting a small-government strategy [in education] and vouchers as a national strategy,鈥� added Mr. Hess of the American Enterprise Institute, which is closely aligned with the Bush administration, especially on foreign policy. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 when you saw the shift in emphasis, 鈥� looking for something that was more saleable and what the American public wanted.鈥�

During Mr. Clinton鈥檚 second term, the administration and Republicans in Congress still had philosophical differences on education. Republicans still wanted to create block grants that would give states and districts broader authority in spending federal aid. And Congress twice passed a private-school-voucher program for the District of Columbia. Mr. Clinton vetoed both voucher bills.

During that period, though, Congress reauthorized the Individuals with Disabilities 91制片厂视频 Act with nearly unanimous votes and enacted a bipartisan bill to improve reading instruction. Republicans, however, did not approve Mr. Clinton鈥檚 plans to pay for 100,000 additional teachers to help reduce class sizes in the early grades. Republicans led the effort to stop Mr. Clinton鈥檚 proposal for national tests in 4th grade reading and 8th grade mathematics, and won support from many Democrats.

One of the biggest surprises was that Republicans became advocates of increasing federal K-12 spending, particularly for the IDEA.

鈥淚t was very, very important because the mandates were out of kilter,鈥� former Rep. Bill Goodling, R-Pa., said in an interview. Mr. Goodling was chairman of the House education committee from 1995 until he retired six years later. 鈥淚t was getting to the point where teachers in the classroom didn鈥檛 have time to teach.鈥�

Every year of Mr. Clinton鈥檚 second term, Republicans approved K-12 appropriations that were larger than the ones the president had proposed, said Mr. Manna, who documented the spending patterns in his book School鈥檚 In: Federalism and the National 91制片厂视频 Agenda.

鈥淭hat was partly because of the realization that they were getting killed on [the education issue] and they had to figure out a new strategy,鈥� Mr. Manna said in an interview.

Bipartisan Approach

The election of President Bush brought perhaps the most dramatic change in Republicans鈥� education stance.

In 2000, Mr. Bush campaigned on a plan modeled after Texas鈥� testing-and-accountability program. The key features were that states would assess students鈥� knowledge in reading and mathematics every year in grades 3-8, and that schools would be held accountable if their students didn鈥檛 make progress toward reaching proficiency. The goal was to ensure every child was proficient in those subjects by 2014.

At their convention in 2000, Republicans dedicated a whole evening to pushing Mr. Bush鈥檚 鈥淣o Child Left Behind鈥� proposal and other policies aimed at helping children. (By contrast, the 1996 GOP convention had little substantive discussion of education.)

Once Mr. Bush took office, he managed to build a bipartisan consensus around his education proposal because he was focused on the accountability measures and the goal that all children become proficient. He set aside several ideas鈥攕uch as private school choice and block grants of federal programs鈥攖hat had divided Republicans and Democrats in the past and stalled efforts to reauthorize the Elementary and Secondary 91制片厂视频 Act in 1999.

鈥淗e was willing to put them off the table,鈥� said Danica L. Petroshius, who was the chief education adviser to Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., when the No Child Left Behind Act, a renewal of the ESEA, was moving through Congress. Sen. Kennedy was chairman of the Senate education committee when Congress passed the bill in 2001.

That gave Democrats an agenda they could endorse and kept many Republican ideas they opposed out of the debate, said Ms. Petroshius, who is now the senior vice president at the Collaborative Communications Group, a Washington consulting firm that works with education groups.

Republicans did insert some of their favorite policy ideas into the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, such as requiring school choice鈥攖hough only within the public system鈥攆or students attending schools failing to make academic progress, and allowing private companies to provide tutoring to students in those schools. Later, the Republican-led Congress created a voucher program for the District of Columbia by attaching it to the annual appropriations bill for the capital city.

In the No Child Left Behind bill, many Republicans objected to the provisions that required states to expand their testing systems to include grade 3-8 and the power it gave the 91制片厂视频 Department to oversee the quality of states鈥� standards and testing systems. Those changes violated the principles of a limited federal role in education that had been the cornerstone of the party鈥檚 education philosophy throughout the 1990s.

But most Republicans voted for the bill鈥攚hich won big, bipartisan majorities鈥攂ecause they wanted to support the party鈥檚 president in his first year and in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.

In 2004, Mr. Bush narrowly won re-election over Sen. John F. Kerry, D-Mass. While the No Child Left Behind law has drawn criticism, some of it intense, polling data showed that the president maintained popular support for the law and avoided the negative perceptions that Mr. Dole had fostered in the 1996 campaign.

鈥楬ere to Stay鈥�

With Democrats ready to lead both chambers of Congress starting in January, the achievement goals of the No Child Left Behind Act appear to retain bipartisan support.

President Bush and Secretary of 91制片厂视频 Margaret Spellings say they want the law reauthorized in the upcoming Congress, but they are holding fast to the goal that all students become proficient by 2014, and that schools and districts be held accountable for ensuring students are on track to reach that goal. Rep. George Miller, D-Calif., and Sen. Kennedy, who will lead their respective chambers鈥� education committees, also say that they support the law鈥檚 ambitious goals and challenging accountability rules.

Although the education law goes against the principles of the conservatives who dominated Congress in 1995 and those still serving today, it will probably have more staying power than any other of Congress鈥� K-12 accomplishments under the Republican majority, analysts say.

鈥淲e鈥檙e not going to return, in the near future, to anything like the pre-No Child Left Behind era,鈥� said Mr. McGuinn of Drew University. 鈥淲e have national momentum now in education that we have never had before, and I think it鈥檚 here to stay.鈥�