The arrival of the March 1 deadline for automatic federal spending cuts known as sequestration had policymakers and administrators from Washington to local school districts bracing for the possible effects. The outcome鈥攑olitical and financial鈥攚as unclear as of press time. Here, though, is a primer on what educators should know about 鈥渢he sequester.鈥� For up-to-the-minute developments on the federal budget crisis, follow 91制片厂视频 Week鈥荣 Politics K-12 blog.
What exactly is 鈥渟equestration鈥�? Sequestration is a series of across-the-board cuts to a broad range of federal programs, including those in the U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频, that was designed to hit on March 1, unless a last-ditch effort by Congress and the Obama administration stopped them. Programs in the 91制片厂视频 Department would be cut by about 5.3 percent, according to the Government Accountability Office. The cuts wouldn鈥檛 be just for this year, either. They鈥檙e aimed at chopping $1.2 trillion out of the federal deficit over the next decade.
Where did these cuts come from? The threat of cuts was put in place as part of a deal to raise the federal debt ceiling back in August 2011. The cuts would affect both military spending, typically favored by Republicans, and domestic programs, typically favored by Democrats. The cuts were supposed to be so dire and distasteful to lawmakers on both sides of the aisle that Congress and the administration would be forced to work together on a long-term deficit-reduction deal to avert them. But that hadn鈥檛 happened as of last week, and it looked as though the cuts would become a reality, at least for a while. (Congress did delay the cuts once, as part of a deal to avert the 鈥渇iscal cliff鈥� at the start of the year.)
When would school districts be affected? Most school districts wouldn鈥檛 get squeezed right away because key formula-funding programs鈥攊ncluding Title I grants for districts and special education鈥攁re what鈥檚 called 鈥渇orward funded.鈥� Schools wouldn鈥檛 feel the pinch until the start of the 2013-14 school year. Still, many districts are already in the process of crafting their budgets for the coming school year, and they鈥檇 like to know what their funding will look like. The looming cuts had already made planning tough.
Would any school districts be affected right away? Some districts would get hit fairly soon under sequestration鈥攕ome of them substantially. Among the hardest hit would be those in the Impact Aid program, which helps some 1,200 districts nationwide. Most impact-aid districts have a lot of Native American students or students whose parents work on military bases, or they may have federal land in or near the district. Their next federal payment, likely due out in April, would probably be smaller. But that would be unlikely to translate into widespread layoffs, according to John Forkenbrock, the president of the National Association of Federally Impacted Schools. Districts have known about the possible cuts for a long time and have prepared, he said, by doing things like delaying technology purchases. The big problem for impact-aid districts may come next year.
What about all those numbers the Obama administration is throwing out when it comes to job losses? It鈥檚 true that U.S. Secretary of 91制片厂视频 Arne Duncan has said that 40,000 teachers could lose their jobs if the cuts are carried out. That number is pretty scary鈥攖he Obama administration has clearly been trying to get the public riled up against the cuts. But it鈥檚 tough to say how accurate the administration鈥檚 estimates are at this point.
So what will the cuts actually mean in districts? School districts spend a majority of their funding on personnel, so federal cuts could very well translate into layoffs. But a lot would depend on how states and districts decide to implement the cuts. The American Association of School Administrators conducted a survey on sequestration back in July. Superintendents told the group they anticipated reducing professional development, cutting programs, and laying off some staff members. The bottom line? Schools have had time to prepare, but in many cases, the cuts would come on top of state and local reductions. Hard and fast figures on potential job losses aren鈥檛 available yet.
Are any U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频 programs exempt from the cuts? Yes. Student loans and Pell Grants, which help needy students cover the cost of postsecondary education, are exempt.
What about early-childhood-education programs? The Head Start program could face a cut right away, but it鈥檚 unclear just how individual grantees would be affected. Under sequestration, Head Start programs that do not offer summer services either would end their current school year earlier than planned or delay the start of the next school year, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services says. Year-round programs likely would decide not to fill openings after children age out. And grantees could also cut transportation services.
Are any other federal programs for children safe from the sequester? Many are. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families would not get cut, and neither would most school nutrition programs and child-health programs.
What about 91制片厂视频 Department employees? Will they be furloughed? Secretary Duncan says it鈥檚 a possibility.
What about 鈥渕aintenance of effort鈥� and other technical issues, such as the state school improvement set-aside? Advocates have been asking about such implications for months, but the administration has yet to give them a good answer.
What happens now? As of 91制片厂视频 Week鈥荣 deadline, congressional leaders hadn鈥檛 put forth a serious, bipartisan bill that would actually avert or reverse sequestration. Congress still has another looming fiscal deadline: March 27. That鈥檚 when a temporary measure funding most of the federal government expires. Lawmakers may figure out a way to deal with sequestration by then.
