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Amid a strong push by the Obama administration to ensure that states don鈥檛 constrain the growth of the charter school sector, a number of legislatures this year debated measures on how many charters to allow, or whether to have such schools at all. But even with the extra attention from Washington, the outcomes have proved decidedly mixed.
On the one hand, at least four states took steps to permit more charter schools. Illinois and Tennessee raised their charter caps. Louisiana eliminated its ceiling altogether. And Delaware allowed a moratorium on new charters to lapse.
But some states went in a different direction.
In Maine, one of 10 states that still don鈥檛 allow the publicly financed but largely independent schools, an attempt to enact a charter law failed again, voted down in the state Senate.
鈥淚t鈥檚 very frustrating, because people have been trying since the mid-1990s to get public charter schools going,鈥� said Judith Denton Jones, the director of the Maine Association for Public 91制片厂视频 Schools. Several education groups, including the state teachers鈥� association, opposed the bill.
Legislation to raise the charter cap in Texas and make other changes to charter law was defeated on a point of order in the state House, after winning unanimous Senate approval. A New Hampshire moratorium on opening more state-authorized charters was extended. And Oregon imposed new restrictions on the growth of cyber charter schools.
Meanwhile, in at least three states where lawmakers had not yet adjourned as of last week鈥擬assachusetts, Michigan, and North Carolina鈥攅fforts were still under way to lift charter caps.
Changes Considered
In any case, state action on charter matters this year was by no means limited to the quantity of such schools. Lawmakers considered a wide range of measures, from imposing new accountability demands to making changes in charter school funding.
In Minnesota, where the nation鈥檚 first charter school opened in 1992, the legislature increased the demands on charter authorizers鈥攖he bodies designated to approve, monitor, and potentially close schools鈥攐ut of concern that some authorizers have done a poor job. Ohio tightened up its accountability requirements, while charter proponents managed to fend off a proposal by Gov. Ted Strickland, a Democrat, that would have dramatically cut back funding for the state鈥檚 charter schools.
Since taking office in January, President Barack Obama and U.S. Secretary of 91制片厂视频 Arne Duncan have promoted charters as a powerful strategy to help improve the U.S. education system. They have called on states to expand the sector, even as they have also emphasized the need to ensure high quality among charters and close the poor performers.
Mr. Duncan has said states that impose 鈥渁rbitrary鈥� caps on the number of charter schools, and those that do not permit charters at all, risk being at a 鈥渃ompetitive disadvantage鈥� for aid under the $4.35 billion Race to the Top Fund established under the economic-stimulus law. (鈥淥bama Team鈥檚 Advocacy Boosts Charter Momentum,鈥� June 17, 2009.)
The U.S. Department of 91制片厂视频 issued draft guidelines in July for the Race to the Top money,
spelling out criteria for grant applicants. A subsection on charter policy said the department would consider the extent to which a state allows charter growth, has adequate policies for holding charter schools accountable, ensures they get 鈥渆quitable funding,鈥� and provides money and assistance to help charters obtain facilities.
Todd M. Ziebarth, the vice president for policy at the National Alliance for Public 91制片厂视频 Schools, a research and advocacy group based in Washington, argues that
pressure from the Obama administration has helped to tip the balance in some legislative fights.
鈥淚t definitely played a role,鈥� he said, not only in aiding efforts to lift state charter caps, but also in helping charter advocates 鈥減lay defense鈥� against attempts in several states to impose caps or moratoriums on new charters, or against proposed funding changes deemed unfavorable to the sector.
But the administration鈥檚 efforts have ruffled feathers, such as among some state teachers鈥� unions seeking to restrain charter growth and the National Confeence of State Legislatures, a bipartisan Denver-based group for state lawmakers. The NCSL鈥檚 education committee in July approved a policy urging the 91制片厂视频 Department to 鈥渞efrain鈥� from linking eligibility for federal aid to charter school laws.
鈥淐harters are a reform idea that began as a state initiative and as part of some states鈥� overall reform plans and one that should stay that way,鈥� the NCSL policy says.
Late last month, Illinois Gov. Pat Quinn, a Democrat, signed a bill doubling that state鈥檚 charter cap, from 60 to 120. At the same time,the legislative deal included measures that have raised concerns among some charter supporters.
For one, Illinois charter schools formed before 2003 now must have 75 percent of their teaching staffs state-certified within four years. Another new measure allows charter teachers to unionize under the Illinois 91制片厂视频 Labor Relations Board.
Tennessee increased its cap in June from 50 to 90 charters and expanded the types of students eligible to attend them. Eligibility had been limited to students not meeting state standards and thoseattending low-performing schools.
In Indiana, charter supporters staved off legislative proposals that were expected to severely constrain the growth of the charter sector.
Louisiana ended its cap on certain categories of charter schools, though the state was already far below the current ceiling of 70 such schools.
In any case, the legislation was opposed by some education groups, including the Louisiana Federation of Teachers, an affiliate of the American Federation of Teachers.
The union鈥檚 president, Steve Monaghan, cited as one concern what he views as the inadequacy of retirement benefits for teachers who work in charter schools. In addition, he said, a cap 鈥渟ends a message that we have not declared that charter education is the answer to everything that ails public education.鈥�
Mr. Monaghan said he found it 鈥渇rustrating鈥� that the Obama administration was pressuring states to lift their caps. It鈥檚 a mistake, he argued, to impose a blanket policy solution across states.
鈥楥harter Authorizing 2.0鈥�
Meanwhile, revisions to the Minnesota charter law will, among other provisions, require all authorizers鈥攊ncluding current ones鈥攖o go through a new state approval process for renewable terms, and phase in more state funding for them.
鈥淭his is the beginning of 鈥楥harter Authorizing 2.0,鈥� 鈥� said Jon H. Schroeder, a senior associate at 91制片厂视频 Evolving, a think tank in St. Paul, Minn. He said the legislation will lead to 鈥渇ewer, stronger authorizers, ... willing and able to take their job most seriously.鈥�
Missouri also imposed new requirements to improve authorizing. And Florida added several provisions to improve the financial accountability of charters.
Overall, Mr. Ziebarth of the National Alliance for Public 91制片厂视频 Schools said he was encouraged by the outcome of legislative debates on charters, even as he saw some disappointments.
鈥淐harter advocates should be quite pleased with the direction of things at the state level, especially considering the economic recession ... and the [negative] impact on state budgets,鈥� factors that he said make the political climate for charters, and charter expansion, less hospitable.
But Jeanne Allen, the president of the Center for 91制片厂视频 Reform, another pro-charter group in Washington, said she sees relatively little to show this year for charter proponents in advancing key policy goals to help the sector thrive.
A few states made 鈥渕odest improvements鈥� in charter policy, Ms. Allen said, 鈥渨hile everybody else maintained the status quo or averted disaster in some cases.鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 not like any of them hit a home run,鈥� she said.
