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Amid tight budgets and shrinking revenue, states are wagering that voters in next month鈥檚 elections will agree to expand state-sanctioned gambling in exchange for increased school aid.

Initiatives on six state ballots Nov. 4 involve gambling revenue intended to raise money for everything from community college funding and college scholarships to general K-12 operating aid.

Arkansas voters are being asked to decide on a new state lottery aimed at funneling up to $55 million into college scholarships. A Maryland slot machine proposal could bring in $660 million a year for K-12 schools.

Ohio and Maine may get their first commercial casinos, and voters in Colorado鈥檚 three gaming towns will be asked to increase bet limits, extend casino operating hours, and add new games. Missouri wants to lift its loss limits so gamblers can lose more money. Oregon鈥檚 measure is an exception鈥攅ducation funding there could drop under a proposed change in how the state鈥檚 gambling revenue is apportioned.

For some school advocacy groups and teachers鈥� unions, new or expanded gambling operations are a way to raise more funding when a tax increase isn鈥檛 politically possible. Even before the current global financial crisis, the states鈥� revenue outlook was bleak.

The latest tally counted 31 states with budget deficits totalling $40 billion鈥攆unding gaps that have already prompted at least 12 states to make targeted cuts to K-12 programs. (鈥淗ard Times Hit Schools,鈥� Aug. 27, 2008.)

鈥淭he money coming into state institutions keeps shrinking,鈥� said Judy Williams, the director of communications for the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, whose board of visitors voted Sept. 18 to endorse the constitutional amendment that would create a new state lottery. 鈥淲e have to always be looking for ways to come up with dollars.鈥�

High Stakes

Forty-two states now have lotteries, 43 states have wagering on horse racing, 32 states have gambling through Native American tribes, 12 states have commercial casinos, and 11 have 鈥渞acinos鈥濃�攖ypically slot machines housed in horse-betting facilities.

Altogether, these states reeled in $23 billion from gamblers in 2007, according to the Rockefeller Institute of Government, which is the public policy research arm of the State University of New York. But it鈥檚 unclear exactly how much of that has been dedicated to education, said the institute鈥檚 Lucy Dadayan, a senior policy analyst.

Perhaps the state with the most at stake in this round of gambling initiatives is Maryland, which has an estimated $1 billion deficit in its $14.5 billion budget.

Gov. Martin O鈥橫alley, a Democrat, has cast the proposal to allow slot machines in the state鈥檚 horse-wagering facilities as crucial for education funding. Groups for and against the slots proposal have launched radio and television ads to try to sway voters.

The stakes are also high in Ohio, where counties would share about $200 million a year in casino revenue that could be used for any purpose, including schools.

But a bet on gambling is no sure thing. Research shows that people only have so much discretionary income, and in rough economic times, the amount of money gambled can drop. Casino revenue from the 12 states with commercial casinos dropped 2.2 percent in 2008, according to the Rockefeller Institute.

鈥淚n places like Nevada and New Jersey, which have been traditional gambling states, we鈥檙e seeing declines already,鈥� said Ms. Dadayan. 鈥淧eople just don鈥檛 have as much money to spend.鈥�

And not every proposal promises to be lucrative for schools. The proposed Maine casino would bring in about $50 million its first year, with 10 percent of the net revenue going to education, mostly to college loans and scholarships. Just 1 percent would go general aid for K-12 schools.

What鈥檚 more, even if money is earmarked for education, that doesn鈥檛 mean all of the gambling profits will make it there.

A study published in the winter 2007 of the 91制片厂视频 Finance and Policy journal that examined state lotteries found that only 50 percent to 70 percent of the gambling revenue earmarked for education actually was spent on it. Because lottery profits pass through state coffers before hitting their destination, money has sometimes 鈥渓eaked鈥� away to other parts of state government, the study found.

Social Issues

Many opponents also question whether important state priorities should be paid for through gambling, which they say comes with increased social costs, especially for low-income groups.

鈥淕ambling is a troubling way to fund education,鈥� said Tom Grey, the national field director for the Washington-based , a nonprofit group. He and others argue that gambling initiatives chiefly increase revenue to casinos and to gamblers, and not to schools.

For that reason, the League of Women Voters of Maryland鈥攚hich doesn鈥檛 often take a stand on legislation鈥攖ook the unusual step of coming out against that state鈥檚 slots proposal.

鈥淭o say that the primary purpose of the proposed video lottery terminals is raising revenue for specified educational purposes is untrue,鈥� the league said in a Sept. 12 statement. 鈥淭he actual primary purpose of video lottery terminals in this state鈥攁s it is anywhere鈥攊s to reward gamblers for playing the game.鈥�

That sensitivity may explain why so many gambling-related campaigns go out of their way to make the issue about anything but lotteries or casinos.

鈥淵ou鈥檇 be hard-pressed to even know some of these initiatives are even about gambling,鈥� said Mr. Grey, of the anti-gambling coalition.

In Colorado, for example, the proponents鈥� group is called 鈥淐oloradans for Community Colleges鈥濃�攖hough it also contains casino groups. The main group in Missouri looking to expand gambling is called the 鈥淵ES for Schools First Coalition,鈥� whose supporters include also include the casinos.

The emotions that surround gambling have put some education supporters in a tricky opposition.

Though many Missouri educators and district school officials are listed on the Schools First Coalition鈥檚 list of supporters, the Missouri State Teachers Association hasn鈥檛 taken a stance on the question鈥攊n part because the group鈥檚 governing body that would consider such an endorsement doesn鈥檛 meet again until after the election.

Todd Fuller, a spokesman for the 44,000-member group that isn鈥檛 affiliated with the National 91制片厂视频 Association or the American Federation of Teachers, said he was somewhat surprised that gambling advocates weren鈥檛 exploiting schools even more to try to win support for the state measure. 鈥淚t鈥檚 actually not been as widespread as I thought it would be,鈥� he said.

Even so, educators across the state are still keenly aware of the gambling initiative.

鈥淲e have members call us and they want to know about the proposal,鈥� Mr. Fuller said. 鈥淏ut we tell them it really needs to be a decision they make.鈥�

The Maryland State Teachers Association supports the slot machine proposal in that state, but decided not to launch a statewide campaign to drum up support because two large local bargaining units鈥攊n Prince George鈥檚 and Montgomery counties鈥攄ecided not to take a position on it.

But Clara Floyd, the 70,000-member union鈥檚 president, said MSTA plan a grassroots campaign urging members to vote for approval. With 鈥渘o appetite鈥� for tax increases between now and the next election in 2010, teachers fear the budget hole is so large that cuts to public schools cannot be avoided.

Ms. Floyd, who said that the MSTA board of directors debated the issue for hours before deciding to support it, asked: 鈥淚f not slots, then what鈥檚 the alternative?鈥�