The theory of evolution was subjected to the first of several courtroom-style hearings in Kansas last week, an occasion colored by detailed testimony, forceful cross-examinations, and quarrels over biological events that occurred millions of years ago.
A three-member subcommittee of the Kansas state board of education is staging the hearings to consider whether to allow language critical of Charles Darwin鈥檚 theory into the state鈥檚 science standards, which are now under review.
All three panelists鈥擲teve Abrams, Kathy Martin, and Connie Morris鈥攈ave suggested that teachers be allowed to discuss alternatives to Darwinian evolution in science classrooms in Kansas, the site of many battles in recent years over instruction about the origin and development of life.
Many scientists and other defenders of the current approach to teaching the topic worry that a majority of the 10-member state board will soon vote to weaken evolution鈥檚 place in the state standards.
Critics of the hearings described them as a sham orchestrated by state board members to justify future changes to the standards. Many of the nation鈥檚 top scientists and scientific organizations boycotted the hearings, saying they amounted to an attempt to foist views they consider religion-based, such as 鈥渋ntelligent design,鈥� upon teachers and students.
As a result of the boycott, critics of evolution by last week had lined up a list of at least 24 witnesses to speak in support of their position. But evolution鈥檚 defenders offered no formal testimony, instead taking the more low-key approach of distributing scientific documents to the public and making their case to reporters, who came from Britain, France, and Canada, as well as from around the United States, for the May 5-7 sessions.
The chief spokesman at the hearings for the critics of evolution was John H. Calvert, a lawyer and the managing director of the Intelligent Design Network, an advocacy group in Shawnee Mission, Kan. As Mr. Calvert called a succession of scientists, they were challenged by Topeka lawyer Pedro Irigonegary, the chief representative of the mainstream scientists鈥� views.
One of the witnesses, William S. Harris, a professor of medicine at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, criticized many scientists for refusing to consider challenges to Darwinian evolution and putting what he said were 鈥渂linders on the search for truth.鈥� Those scientists hold to the argument that the development of human and animal life was 鈥渆ssentially an accident,鈥� he said.
鈥淥ur hope is, at the end of these proceedings, we will be allowed to teach the controversy,鈥� said Mr. Harris.
But Mr. Irigonegary suggested that the views of Mr. Harris and other witnesses were motivated by religious belief, not scientific inquiry. The lawyer asked Mr. Harris, 鈥淗ow old do you believe the Earth is鈥濃�攁bout 10,000 years old or several billion?
Mr. Harris replied that he believed Earth鈥檚 age was in the billions. Later, in response to Mr. Harris鈥� reference to intelligent design, Mr. Irigonegary asked, 鈥淲ho is the designer?鈥�
Mr. Harris responded that because he is a Christian, he believes the designer would be God, though others might have different views.
Teachers Afraid?
Mr. Irigonegary also questioned why the science standards needed to be revised to become more critical of evolution theory. Isn鈥檛 such criticism allowed now, he asked several witnesses.
But Ms. Martin, one of the board members, suggested during a break in the hearings that some teachers feared the possible legal consequences of criticizing evolution and being accused of inserting religion into the classroom.
Critics such as 鈥淎CLU-type people鈥濃�攁 reference to the American Civil Liberties Union鈥攎ake teachers afraid to talk about those issues, Ms. Martin asserted in an interview May 5.
The hearings, held in a small auditorium about a half-block from the state Capitol, drew a crowd of about 100 visitors, including several students. One of them was Christine Caffey, a 9th grader from Bishop Seabury Academy, an Episcopal school in Lawrence, Kan. Her class recently had a debate over intelligent design鈥檚 role in science classes, and the 15-year-old was curious about what witnesses at the hearings might say.
She thought scientists made a mistake in boycotting the hearings. 鈥淚t will probably move more people toward ID,鈥� Ms. Caffey said. 鈥淚f you don鈥檛 show up and support what you believe, things might change, and you won鈥檛 have the power to do anything about it.鈥�
Changing the Rules
The scientists and affiliated organizations that stayed away from the Topeka hearings say participating would mislead the public into believing that alternatives to Darwin鈥檚 theory of evolution, such as intelligent design, have scientific merit and should be debated in the same setting as a theory accepted by the vast majority of scientists. (鈥淪ome Groups to Boycott Kan. Hearings on Evolution,鈥� April 27, 2005.)
Those critics also suspect that state board members are maneuvering to allow creationism, the biblically based belief that God created the universe and all living things, or intelligent design, into science classrooms.
Intelligent design is the belief that the complexity of organisms, including human beings, suggests that their development was guided by an unnamed creator or designer.
In recent years, Kansas has served as a staging ground for several highly publicized battles over evolution. In 1999, religious conservatives on the state school board stripped most references to the theory from the state science standards. Two years later, a newly elected majority on the board reversed that decision. Then last year, state elections provided conservatives with what is widely believed to be a 6-4 majority favoring those who support allowing challenges to evolution to be aired in the classroom.
A 26-member advisory committee earlier this year drafted revised standards that weave lessons on Darwin鈥檚 theory throughout the curriculum at different grade levels.
Eight members of that committee, however, drafted a separate report that takes a far more skeptical view of evolution. Conservative board members agreed to hold the hearings to explore areas of disagreement between the two draft documents, and allocated $5,000 to both sides for travel and other expenses.
Who Sets the Terms?
Harry E. McDonald, the president of the Lawrence-based Kansas Citizens for Science, a nonprofit group that opposes including alternatives to evolution in science classes, said conservatives on the state board are determined to weaken evolution鈥檚 place in state standards. Staging the hearings, he maintained, is a ruse鈥攁 charge Ms. Martin denies.
Mr. McDonald said his organization and its allies are emphasizing the compatibility of Christian religious belief with the theory of evolution. Many faiths and philosophical movements have acknowledged the scientific legitimacy of Darwin鈥檚 theory, he noted.
鈥淲e鈥檒l continue this cultural battle, but we鈥檙e not going to play on their terms,鈥� Mr. McDonald said as he organized events before the hearings. 鈥淭he scientific community is not the most politically astute in the world, 鈥� [but] we need to change the rules of engagement.鈥�
