When asked whether assignments that are meant to inform instruction should receive a grade, researchers and instructional experts almost inevitably offer a resounding 鈥渘o.鈥�
Formative assessment is about measuring where students are in their learning and giving them feedback, they say, and then working to fill in the gaps. Grading can shut down that process.
But sometimes theory and practice collide in the classroom. Many middle and high school teachers say they need to grade quizzes and homework and in-class tasks to get students to take the work seriously. And parents often expect students to get grades on work they鈥檝e put effort into. Some districts even have policies requiring that certain numbers or types of tasks be graded, which can make it tough to avoid giving grades on formative assessments.
In an effort to dig a little further into why so many people say formative assessments and grades shouldn鈥檛 mix, and what teachers can do to get around that, 91制片厂视频 Week talked with some researchers and practitioners.
Caroline Wylie
Research director of the learning-sciences group at 91制片厂视频al Testing Service, who studies the use of formative assessment to improve learning and teaching:
Grading work meant for formative purposes can be 鈥渉ighly problematic,鈥� said Wylie, especially if the goal is to get students to reveal what they don鈥檛 understand. Giving students comments about their work is helpful, she said. But feedback in the form of grades can be discouraging, according to research by Ruth Butler, an education professor at Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel, and others. When teachers pair grades with comments, students still focus on the grades and fail to process the meaningful feedback on how to improve.
The best thing to do is decouple grades and substantive feedback, she said. When working in a system that requires grades on student work, teachers can 鈥渇ind creative ways to give comments first, let students reflect on how to improve their work, then a day later show them their grade,鈥� she said. 鈥淵ou have to break the cycle. ... If it鈥檚 always being reinforced [that] you鈥檙e a D student, I think that鈥檚 a real challenge.鈥�
This change can be hard to make in a single classroom, she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 got to be a systemic thing, not just this one teacher doing something very differently. It鈥檚 easier if you have the [entire] school or grade level doing things differently.鈥�
Kathryn Mitchell Pierce
Assistant professor of educational studies at St. Louis University in Missouri, and a 30-year veteran teacher:
Some teachers enter grades for formative assessments, particularly when using an online gradebook, to keep parents and students informed, Pierce said. 鈥淚n this instance, the scores are for information purposes. They don鈥檛 鈥榗ount鈥� in the final course or unit grade鈥攖hey鈥檙e meant to be feedback on current progress,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 know that some teachers also enter a grade for a formative assessment, and then replace it with the summative-assessment grade. Again, the grade provides a general sense of progress toward a goal.鈥�
However, a problem here is that 鈥渒nowing that I have a 7 out of 10 on the formative assessment doesn鈥檛 help me know what I need to work on or how I can improve my performance.鈥� Instead, she said, offering specific feedback 鈥渋n a scoring guide, in narrative comments, in a face-to-face conference, can be much more useful than providing a score.鈥�
Many teachers worry that students won鈥檛 take tasks seriously if they鈥檙e not graded, but that鈥檚 a problem of engagement, Pierce said. 鈥淔or example, students who want to pass the driving test to get their initial license generally don鈥檛 need grades or scores to motivate them to learn the material,鈥� she said. 鈥淔ormative assessment, if it helps them improve their chances of passing the driving test, is useful to students, and a grade is not necessary. [And] students writing college-application essays generally appreciate formative-assessment information, because they are committed to crafting a successful essay.鈥�
Lorrie Shepard
Dean and a distinguished professor of research and evaluation methodology at the University of Colorado at Boulder:
The major problem with grading is that it 鈥渟ubverts learning for its own sake,鈥� Shepard said. 鈥淎ll the metacognitive things you want to accomplish with formative assessment and the affective dimension of wanting to do it and feeling good about doing it are subverted by grading.鈥�
Online gradebooks that require parents to log in are 鈥渢he devil,鈥� she said, because they often force teachers to grade tasks that would be better off not graded.
One alternative for teachers is to offer 鈥渁s if鈥� grades, she explained, in which they tell students what grade they would have gotten if what they turned in were a finished product. This can help students 鈥渋nternalize the criteria for good work, which is part of learning.鈥�
Teachers also can calculate grades and offer students a choice after a comprehensive test or final project: The students can either take the grade on their final assessment as their grade in its entirety, or take the overall average of their grades. This ensures that students who had a steep learning curve are not penalized, as long as they learned the content by the final.
Scott Filkins
English teacher at Central High School in Champaign, Ill., and author of a book on assessment and learning:
Grading formative assessment, Filkins said, is akin to ranking basketball teams based on how they do in practice.
鈥淚f we say this is for practice and we hold you accountable for the practice, then it wasn鈥檛 really practice,鈥� he said. 鈥淵ou almost want kids to make mistakes on formative assessments because that鈥檚 how you figure out your next teaching cues. Once we attach a grade, students try to hide their weaknesses.鈥�
Even so, schools鈥� grading policies can get in the way. 鈥淲e literally have a grading policy that says there will be X number of major grades and X number of minor grades, and minor grades are things we consider formative,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think we鈥檙e unusual with that kind of policy.鈥�
In that situation, teachers have to talk to students explicitly about the fact that the minor assignments are really for practice and revision, he said, even though they鈥檙e graded. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 a strange conversation,鈥� he said. But students are flexible. 鈥淚t鈥檚 all in how you frame a conversation. [You can say], 鈥楬ere鈥檚 what I learned about you from doing this, here鈥檚 how I鈥檓 going to teach you differently, and here鈥檚 a goal you can set for yourself for next time,鈥欌�夆�� he said.
And those grades also don鈥檛 necessarily have to be written in stone鈥攖hey can serve as a temporary marker and later be revised, said Filkins.
Overall, though, core-subject teachers have a lot to learn from their colleagues teaching visual arts and music. 鈥淲hen you鈥檙e watching kids paint or listening to them play an instrument, you give them feedback on the spot,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut you don鈥檛 take off points for playing the wrong note.鈥�
